Chapter 3 explains that Ho Chi Minh insisted on respecting the basic terms of the Geneva accords even as it became obvious that the rival regime headed by Ngo Dinh Diem in Saigon had no intention of doing the same. Ho’s passivity in the face of Diem’s actions shocked and dismayed some of his own followers, especially in the South. In 1959, Hanoi finally sanctioned insurgent activity below the Seventeenth Parallel, but under restricting guidelines because Ho feared provoking US intervention. His tentativeness alienated growing segments of partisans, including Le Duan, a rising star in the communist ranks. By 1963, the tension between Ho and other “doves,” on the one hand, and Le Duan and other “hawks,” who favored all-out war to “liberate” the South, on the other, had split the Vietnamese communist movement into two competing, rival wings. Following Diem’s overthrow in a coup abetted by the United States in early November 1963, Le Duan and his chief lieutenants staged a coup of their own in Hanoi. The new regime at once escalated hostilities in the South, resuming the Fourth Civil War for Vietnam and setting Hanoi on an irreversible collision course with the United States.

Water shapes the planet and all life upon it. Breaking down traditional disciplinary barriers, this accessible, holistic introduction to the role and importance of water in Earth’s physical and biological environments assumes no prior knowledge. It provides the reader with a clear and coherent explanation of the unique properties of water and how these allow it to affect landscapes and underpin all life on Earth. Contemporary issues surrounding water quality – such as the rise of microplastics and climate change – are highlighted, ensuring readers understand current debates. Giving all of the necessary background and up-to-date references, and including numerous examples and illustrations to explain concepts, worked mathematical calculations, and extensive end-of-chapter questions, this is the ideal introductory textbook for students seeking to understand the inextricable links between water and the environment.

This chapter introduces ancillary services, focusing specifically on reserves. Reserves are classified in terms of their response time between primary (frequency containment, automatic generation control, load frequency control, regulation), secondary (frequency restoration reserve, operating reserve, spinning reserve, non-spinning), and tertiary (or replacement reserve). Contingency reserve and flexible ramp products are also discussed. Interactions between reserves are discussed. A co-optimization model of energy and reserves is presented, and its optimal solution is characterized using KKT conditions. The security-constrained economic dispatch model and the N-1 reliability criterion are introduced. A centralized optimization model for simultaneous auctioning of energy and reserves is introduced, and its equivalence to a market equilibrium is established. The sequential clearing of energy and reserves is presented. Market models for multiple types of reserves are introduced, and the effect of substitutability is discussed. Operating reserve demand curves are introduced, and their effect on energy prices is discussed. ORDCs based on loss of load probability and value of lost load are discussed. Balancing markets are defined, and the notions of balancing service providers and balancing responsible parties are discussed in the context of the balancing model.

As we have noted in Chapter 1, digital technologies have the potential to enhance learning and teaching and it is within this context that we see digital technologies as also being an important part of many learning environments. This chapter builds on the nature of learning and teaching in Chapter 2 and the models and frameworks presented in Chapter 3 to highlight the importance of learning and teaching environments and the role that digital technologies play in these environments. The chapter will start with an overview of learning environments, followed by how digital technologies and circumstances (e.g. COVID-19) have expanded traditional understandings of learning environments and driven the need for digital transformation. Practical examples and spotlights will be used to explore how some of the more traditional spaces have changed.

This chapter introduces you to foundational knowledge regarding frameworks and models which is applied in later chapters. Theoretical models and frameworks serve as the ‘connective tissue that meshes theory and practice’. The chapter presents an overview of some of the most pertinent models and frameworks that can support you in designing lessons or learning experiences that incorporate digital technologies. It also highlights how you can reflect on the integration of technology into your teaching.

This chapter begins with models of educator knowledge, TPACK and the UNESCO ICT model, followed by the WHO workflow that helps you plan for using digital technologies in learning. The chapter also examines models and frameworks for considering the degree of integration of technology into teaching (SAMR and RAT/PICRAT) and concludes with educator acceptance models (TAM and CBAM).

Water shapes the planet and all life upon it. Breaking down traditional disciplinary barriers, this accessible, holistic introduction to the role and importance of water in Earth’s physical and biological environments assumes no prior knowledge. It provides the reader with a clear and coherent explanation of the unique properties of water and how these allow it to affect landscapes and underpin all life on Earth. Contemporary issues surrounding water quality – such as the rise of microplastics and climate change – are highlighted, ensuring readers understand current debates. Giving all of the necessary background and up-to-date references, and including numerous examples and illustrations to explain concepts, worked mathematical calculations, and extensive end-of-chapter questions, this is the ideal introductory textbook for students seeking to understand the inextricable links between water and the environment.

This chapter is a discussion of methods used to study the nervous system at the level of cells. The introduction defines and describes the microanatomy of neurons and populations of glia and gives an overview of organelles. Next is a discussion of microscopy techniques and images, including light microscopy (bright-field and fluorescence) and electron microscopy. Other techniques which rely on microscopy are then described, including unbiased stereology, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, and flow cytometry. The chapter concludes with a description of a variety of stains, dyes, and anterograde and retrograde tracers, as well as an interpretation of Sholl analysis figures and dendritic spine quantification.

This chapter describes the techniques used in electrophysiology and electrochemistry and explains the figures derived from these methods. The introduction describes how neurons can be modeled as electrical circuits and explains different preparations of electrophysiological samples, the common recording configurations, and the equipment used with these techniques. The techniques are divided into a few major categories: passive neuronal properties, action potential analysis, synaptic events including paired pulse ratios and long-term potentiation, current-voltage plots, and electrochemistry techniques such as fast scan cyclic voltammetry and amperometry.

This chapter introduces state-space descriptions for computational graphs (structures) representing discrete-time LTI systems. They are not only useful in theoretical analysis, but can also be used to derive alternative structures for a transfer function starting from a known structure. The chapter considers systems with possibly multiple inputs and outputs (MIMO systems); systems with a single input and a single output (SISO systems) are special cases. General expressions for the transfer matrix and impulse response matrix are derived in terms of state-space descriptions. The concept of structure minimality is discussed, and related to properties called reachability and observability. It is seen that state-space descriptions give a different perspective on system poles, in terms of the eigenvalues of the state transition matrix. The chapter also revisits IIR digital allpass filters and derives several equivalent structures for them using so-called similarity transformations on state-space descriptions. Specifically, a number of lattice structures are presented for allpass filters. As a practical example of impact, if such a structure is used to implement the second-order allpass filter in a notch filter, then the notch frequency and notch quality can be independently controlled by two separate multipliers.

The constantly changing nature of digital technologies opens opportunities to improve established approaches and to seek out new approaches. And although these opportunities stem from new technologies, they are translated to action by innovative educators and leaders. Hence all educators need to be innovators.

This chapter begins by explaining why educators need to see themselves as learners and innovators. It then conceptualises the nature of change in education settings for the purpose of understanding how best to respond. After which, it explores a range of professional development and learning models, and then considers the nature of innovation. It provides insight and tips that you will be able use to enact your role as an innovator.