This chapter explores intersectional organizing in the US immigrant justice movement and how social workers can apply this framework in their community work. In the past two decades, the intersectional identities of many immigrant organizers have driven strategies and campaign goals. Immigrant youth have shed the DREAMer identity, leaving behind the symbolic caps and gowns, while taking up the fight for a bolder vision of equity, inclusion, and liberation. Those who are most impacted are centered in the organizing campaigns. Many organizations and coalitions are rooted in the intersection of the criminal legal and immigration systems, also known as crimmigration. And deportation defense campaigns include those less desirable – the day laborers, the car wash workers, the street vendors, the criminal legal system impacted immigrants – not only the "good" model immigrants. The analysis developed in this chapter builds on the community and policy organizing led by undocumented organizers and allies on the streets.

Research is another area of social work subject to racial biases. Historically, research was used as a weapon against BIPOC, designed to “prove” their inferiority. While less overtly racist nowadays, research continues to promote a racial divide through several different means: overreliance on a positivist paradigm for researching social questions; holding on to theories based on white normative assumptions, failure to proportionally include people of color in sampling, or include them in defining the research question in cultural and locational contexts.

CRT is a plausibility structure that explains why and how racism persists, and society’s disregard for health, educational, and welfare discrepancies between white and minoritized peoples. It explains why a profession like social work has not seriously addressed racial injustice, instead content to treat gross disparities applying whitesplanations and colonized theories to those suffering from socially unjust systems. This chapter provides a history of CRT and five theoretical tenets applicable to social work, each of which will be developed further in the text, and argues that CRT is an appropriate transformational framework for social work.

Liberalism and interest convergence influence all aspects of our socio-political world, and, in turn, social work practice, including social welfare policy, practice, and pedagogy. This chapter first defines the critical race tenets critique of liberalism and interest convergence, then examines how the entanglement of settler colonialism, racism, and capitalism are mutually constructed with racism and intersectional oppression. A global system of white supremacy created a racial hierarchy through notions of inferiority in order to maintain the dominant power structure, such that when white interests do not align with the interests of non-whites, it is nearly impossible for systems change to occur. Turning specifically to social work, the author outlines how social welfare policies and belief systems allow racism to flourish despite ideas of equality, freedom, and rights, and uncovers how social work conceptions of social welfare and social justice have aligned with the interests of the dominant group, rather than liberation and communal support, by supporting incrementalist reform rather than transformative change. Finally, the chapter envisions social worker roles that dismantle liberal notions of justice and create practices that support expansive views of merit, communal values over individual success, and equitable outcomes over equal rights.

This chapter describes the foundations for and the possibilities of implementing a Queer AZN CRT framework in social work practice. Queer AZN CRT is rooted in critical, feminist, queer, Indigenist and Pasifika theories, and explores the impacts of colonization, imperialism, and indigeneity within intersectional Asian experiences. Six proposed tenets for Queer AZN CRT are listed along with core considerations for social work practice: (1) Queer, brown Asianization; (2) challenging mainstream ideologies about Asians, Pacific Islanders, and QTPI/QTAAm; (3) global, decolonial perspectives; (4) reconstructive histories; (5) multidisciplinary story, practice, praxis, and voice; and (6) social justice perspective. Two narratives depict the application of Queer AZN CRT in social work practice, first in a clinical social work scenario, and then within a macro practice framework. Additional reflections regarding the implications for Queer AZN CRT in social work practice and education are discussed.

Academic achievement is critical for lifelong health and wealth, but Latinx students have lower rates of high school completion and matriculation into higher education. This chapter describes research on the educational experiences of Latinx students using data collected over the past 12 years with thousands of families to argue that the achievement gap is maintained by the myth of meritocracy and the (mis)allocation of resources. The findings compel the authors to understand the “underachievement” of Latinx students as a reflection of an inequitable education system. Thus, they call on educators and policy makers to invest in programs and policies that cultivate linguistic, familial, navigational, and resistant capital for the sake of education justice for Latinx (and other marginalized) students. By building capital within communities, Latinx families and their allies can transform the US education system to meet the needs and affirm the belonging of Latinx students.

The principal question we investigate in this chapter is the nature of the parameters governing the nature and position of clausal negation. We propose that the parameters governing the expression of negation are rather simple. Much of the variation in this domain is, instead, largely the reflex of three independent interacting factors. The first of these is the nature of Verb-movement in a given language: here the Verb-movement parameters discussed in Chapter Five are relevant. The second factor is the semantics of clausal negation. The third factor is asymmetric c-command: both Agree and scope relations depend on this structural relation. The syntax and semantics of clausal negation involve both Agree and scope relations.

This chapter presents arguments in favour of analysing cross-linguistic word-order variation in terms of an asymmetric approach to linearisation based on the proposals in Kayne (1994). There is also a discussion of the Final over Final Condition, roll-up movement and movement types.

This Chapter concentrates on Verb movement across a range of languages, including the Romance languages, English, Haitian and Cape Verde Creole, two kinds of Verb-initial languages, Mandarin Chinese, Latin and Japanese.

After the French Revolution led eventually to a Napoleonic invasion of Spain, the feckless King Carlos IV, Queen María Luisa, and their son Fernando decamped for France in 1808. Without a functioning government, the Spanish people and a rag-tag army harassed the French but won few battles before England sent seasoned troops that finally ousted the French. Fernando VII returned amid revolutions in the Americas that shattered Spanish America into dozens of independent republics. The king also had to accept a constitution that limited his power. His daughter, Isabel II, never understood her role as a constitutional monarch, and a series of military coups and changes in government eventually led to her ouster and a brief republican government. A Bourbon restoration failed to help heal the fissures in Spanish political life, in which compromise was rare and various factions alternated in power through a cynical and corrupt system of managed elections. Amid increasing violence and unrest, Alfonso XIII accepted a military dictator to run the government. When he fell from favor, and the army disgraced itself during a war in Morocco, the king went into exile in 1931, allowing politicians on the left to declare a republic.

The varied topography and climate of Iberia posed challenges for prehistoric hominids, as well as for later traders, fishers, farmers, and herders attracted by the peninsula’s mineral wealth, arable land, and diversity of marine and land animals. Iberians arrived from North Africa, Celts later arrived from the north, and Phoenicians and Greeks arrived from the Mediterranean. All of these diverse peoples brought their culture and language to Spain – founding cities, farming the land, mining, herding, trading, and therefore connecting what the Greeks called Iberia to the Mediterranean, North Africa, and Northern Europe.

When municipal elections favored republican candidates in 1931, King Alfonso XIII went into exile, and politicians declared a republic, polarizing Spanish society further. Republican programs included ambitious social, economic, and cultural initiatives to improve lives, but the government was faction-ridden from the start. Increasing street violence and several revolts persuaded a cadre of army officers to launch a coup in April 1936 that became a civil war when the government refused to yield. The Spanish Civil War, marked by atrocities on both sides, pitted right-wing Nationalists, led by General Francisco Franco, against an increasingly left-wing Republic. It ended after hundreds of thousands of deaths with Franco in power, tens of thousands of Spaniards in exile, and Spain isolated during the Second World War, supposedly neutral but sending troops to fight Soviet Russia in support of Nazi Germany. The postwar period brought misery, widespread hunger, and continued isolation that was only eased during the anti-Soviet Cold War of the 1950s. The following decade brought an economic boom and the relaxation of certain aspects of the dictatorship. By the time of Franco’s death in 1975, Spaniards were poised to enter a new epoch but wary about what it might bring.

This Chapter is devoted to aspects of the traditional morphological typology, and looks at Baker’s (1996) proposals for polysynthesis and Huang’s (2015) “deep” analyticity, concluding that these two morphological types are determined by the incidence of syntactic head movement.