This chapter examines the theology of St. Anselm of Canterbury, with specific attention to how he conceives of reason and faith, his Proslogion (and the so-called ontological proof for the existence of God), his notion of freedom and his soteriology as expounded in his major work Cur Deus Homo.

This introduces the book, outlining its scope, contents and merits.

Most of comparative law uses countries as the units of comparison. However, in today’s world it is no longer appropriate to disregard rules that go beyond the level of domestic law, such as regional and international law (discussed in this chapter) and transnational and global law (discussed in Chapter 12). The term ‘comparative law’ is not restricted to laws at the country level. Moreover, even as far as contemporary domestic laws are concerned, it is frequently impossible to disregard the relationship to regional and international legal norms. Thus, it is the motivation of this chapter to explain how comparative law can be relevant at the levels of regional and international law.

This chapter engages with the two main instruments resulting from the mandate of the UN Special Representative on BHR (SRSG) between 2005 and 2011, namely the UN Protect, Respect and Remedy Framework and the UN Guiding Principles on BHR (UNGPs). The UN Framework was published in 2008 and establishes the conceptual foundation upon which the UNGPs are built. The UNGPs, on the other hand, can be interpreted as the operationalization of the UN Framework. After distinguishing the SRSG's approach from the earlier UN Draft Norms, the chapter discusses the three pillars of the UN Framework and the UNGPs, consisting of the state duty to protect human rights, the corporate responsibility to respect human rights, and access to remedy. Subsequently, it engages in a critical assessment of the UNGPs, outlining both the key achievements and the main criticism of the UNGPs. Such criticism aims at the principled pragmatism underlying the UNGPs, the foundational role of social expectations, the UNGPs’ lack of enforcement, and the distribution of responsibility between government and companies.

The emphasis of this chapter is on particular BHR issues and challenges as they arise in different industries, how those industries deal with them, and what specific policy instruments have been put in place to address those issues. The brief overviews provided do not aim at being comprehensive, but rather at giving short introductions to the prevailing challenges, solutions, and best practices in some of the industries that are most exposed to human rights risks and impacts. Furthermore, it will outline some of the more prominent sector-specific guidelines and initiatives in these industries.The following industries are dealt with: the Extractive sector; the Finance and Banking sector; the Information and Communication Technology sector; the Garment and Footwear sector; and the Food, Beverage, and Agribusiness sector.

Early Franciscan theology exerted an important influence but remains insufficiently known. This chapter treats of English theologians Robert Grosseteste and Roger Bacon, and the work attributed to Alexander of Hales and his circle, the Summa Halensis. It discusses topics such as the Trinity, salvation and the nature of theological science.

This chapter considers major thinkers of the late 11th and early 12th centuries. Peter Abelard's views on the relation between faith and reason, as well as his views on the Trinity and salvation, are discussed, along with the criticism by William of St. Thierry and Bernard of Clairvaux. The theology of these two Cisterican authors is also examined, especially their views on faith and reason, salvation and love.

In this chapter the Condemnations of 1277 are discussed. While their impact might have been overstressed in the past, they remain an important landmark, with important consequences for how thinkers conceived of the relation between faith and reason, theology and philosophy. Rather than resulting in a separation of faith and reason, theology and philosophy, it led to a different notion of theological reason (more analytical, more pluralist and less sacramental).

[t]he coffee was from Costa Rica, the flour that made up the bread probably from Canada, the oranges in marmalade came from Spain, those in the orange juice came from Morocco and the sugar came from Barbados. Then, I think of all the things that went into making the production of those things possible – the machinery that came from [West] Germany, the fertilizer from the United States, the oil from Saudi Arabia …

This new chapter considers the achievements of remarkable writer, composer and visionary Hildegard of Bingen. After an outline of her life and her writings, her views on creation, humankind as microcosm, fall and redemption receive particular attention.

The epilogue wraps up the book (in one page).

The last decades of the nineteenth century in the United States saw greater educational opportunities and increased support for science and learning. Legislation for public universities had first passed in 1858 but was vetoed by President Buchanan. More successful was an act sponsored by Senator Justin Morrill of Vermont and signed by President Lincoln on July 2, 1862. Senatorial opponents of the Bill from southern states had left Congress at the beginning of the Civil War. The Morrill Act’s goal was to make higher education available to all young people in the United States who had the desire and ability to profit from a college education. In the words of the act:

The theology and spirituality of Meister Eckhart remains a source of wisdom and controversy. This chapter outlines his spirituality in light of his scholastic views on intellect, and then considers in detail his celebrated notion of detachment.