Faulting within rocks and sediment creates some of the most dramatic landscapes (Fig. 10.1). A favorite trip for many visitors to the Western United States follows the route from San Francisco to Las Vegas, or from San Francisco to Phoenix, where much of the mountainous scenery along these routes has been formed by faulting. Because of this faulting, the high alpine landscapes contrast greatly with the desert landforms in the lowlands below. After reading this chapter, you will be able to take this excursion and understand the stunning geomorphology of these faulted landscapes, and others.

Eolian, (or aeolian) simply stated, refers to the wind. Eolian processes and landforms involve the erosion, transport, and deposition of sediment by wind. Of the major geomorphic agents (wind, water, ice, and gravity), wind is perhaps the one that is most readily observed, and the one that is often in play across Earth’s surface. Wind is everywhere, and its effects are easy to find. That said, wind as a geomorphic agent is mainly felt on landscapes where vegetation cover is minimal and where sediment is exposed to the power of the wind. Even landscapes that are currently vegetated have beneath them a cover of sediments with ties to eolian systems – but from a different, usually drier and windier past. In this chapter, we will discuss the variety and importance of eolian processes, sediments, and landforms, in all manner of different places!

Volcanoes are exciting – yet dangerous – features, capable of reworking entire landscapes overnight. With more than a dozen volcanic eruptions occurring at different locations on Earth at any one time, volcanoes are a very real part of our world. Each of these volcanoes, and the many extinct ones around the world, has a different eruptive history. Some burst to life in explosive eruptions, like the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines. Others bubble up rivers of lava in what is known as an effusive eruption, like the 2018 activity on Hawai‘i’s Kilauea volcano.

This chapter will examine the landforms associated with endogenic (Earth’s internal) processes, particularly those associated with heat and which lead to eruptions of molten rock, hot water, and steam. The latter are referred to as hydrothermal processes. Therefore, we will not only discuss volcanic and plutonic landforms, but also the intriguing features associated with hydrothermal processes, such as geysers and hot springs.

In this chapter, we explore the concept of ethical practice from a Western perspective, beginning by introducing current codes of ethics, as well as debates about their limitations in guiding ethical practice. We examine some of the dominant assumptions and myths about supposedly objective ways of knowing and contrast these with critical understandings of knowledge, values and ethics. We also provide an overview of various approaches to decision-making in relation to ethical dilemmas and explore how a critical approach can offer an excellent guide for ethical practice. We further examine the practice of critical reflection and share a practitioner’s perspective from our research to demonstrate how they used critical reflection to inform ethical practice.Ethics is a domain of philosophy concerned with questions of what is right or wrong in human conduct. Given that social workers often work with people who are affected by poverty, unemployment, illness, violence, deprivation of liberties and other forms of social disadvantage and oppression, we are frequently faced with making complex ethical decisions that can affect the lives of others.

Advances in natural language processing (NLP) and Big Data techniques have allowed us to learn about the human mind through one of its richest outputs – language. In this chapter, we introduce the field of computational linguistics and go through examples of how to find natural language and how to interpret the complexities that are present within it. The chapter discusses the major state-of-the-art methods being applied in NLP and how they can be applied to psychological questions, including statistical learning, N-gram models, word embedding models, large language models, topic modeling, and sentiment analysis. The chapter concludes with ethical discussions on the proliferation of chat “bots” that pervade our social networks, and the importance of balanced training sets for NLP models.

The discussion of any new topic necessarily makes use of knowledge that is to some extent assumed to have been already acquired. One cannot start from the very beginning and teach the whole of physics every time something new is to be introduced – even though the Landau and Lifshitz series of books comes close to pulling it off. More pragmatically, I would like to make sure that we are all on the proverbial same page with some of the basic notions. And where, you may ask, are these basic notions learned? I have in mind what can be called the canon of physics, that is, the books where we, as students, first studied the basic concepts and equations, the books that everyone has read to study, say, classical mechanics, electromagnetism, quantum mechanics, thermodynamics and statistical mechanics – as well as the mathematical tools necessary to comprehend the equations and the statistics to make sense of the data analysis. I have them (most of them, at least) in my office, and so do most of the physicists I know. The covers of some of them are shown in Figure 2.1.

While AI is powerful, much of the time, human intuition and behavior is still more valuable for psychological research. This chapter focuses on crowdsourcing – a method for leveraging the intelligence of many people to complete a task. The chapter discusses the use of crowdsourcing and citizen science across several fields, and how to decide when to use crowdsourcing versus AI for analyzing complex psychological data. The chapter also provides practical advice on what platform to choose, and how to avoid low-quality data from bots or cheaters.

The term ‘social work’ was first coined by the American economist Simon Patten in 1900. He envisaged a new profession that would address the social problems of the modern world. These problems are neither timeless nor innate to human nature, but come into being at particular points in history as a result of people’s actions and the way they organise power in society. Looking at these issues historically enables us to see the way social problems (such as extreme inequality and poverty, mass urbanisation, industrial pollution, racism, sexism and different forms of violence) have been constructed and varied over time. More importantly, this lens may provide us with clues as to how people might un-make these problems and do something better. This historical perspective is vital for practice today because it locates critical social work as part of much wider and ongoing struggles for social justice and human rights.

As defined in Chapter 1, geomorphology is the study of landforms – plain and simple. Whether they are formed on bedrock or on loose sediment, by erosion or deposition of sediment, and whatever their age, landforms are the building blocks of Earth’s physical landscapes. In essence, landscapes are organized and interconnected assemblages of landforms. These interconnections may be temporal, genetic, or spatial. With regard to temporal connections, some landforms on a landscape may have all formed at roughly the same time. They may share a similar origin (genetic connections). On many landscapes, however, the landforms may have formed at different times and in different ways.