The Arctic is at the forefront of climate change, undergoing some of the most rapid environmental transformations globally. Here, we examine the impacts of climate change on the livelihoods in the coastal Inuit community of Hopedale, Nunatsiavut, Canada. The study examines recently evolved adaptation strategies employed by Inuit and the challenges to these adaptations. We document changing sea ice patterns, changing weather patterns and the impact of invasive species on food resources and the environment. Utilising knowledge co-production and drawing upon Indigenous knowledge, we monitor the changes and multiple stresses through direct observations, engagement with rights holders and community experiences to characterise climate risks and associated changes affecting livelihoods. We use both decolonising research and participatory methodologies to develop collaboration and partnership, ensuring that monitoring reflects local priorities and realities while also fostering trust and collaboration. We showcase that monitoring environmental trends involves more than data collection; it includes observing and analysing how environmental changes affect community well-being, particularly in terms of food security, cultural practices, economic activities, mental health, sea ice changes and weather patterns. The paper contributes to a nuanced understanding of Inuit resilience and experiences in confronting climate risks and the broader implications for Indigenous communities confronting climate challenges.

ABSTRACT IMPACT: The potential to use vaginal pH as a low cost, non-invasive diagnostic test at the point of CIN2 diagnosis to predict worsening of cervical disease. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: We previously reported that persistence/progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia-2 (CIN2) was uncommon in women living with HIV (WLH) from the Women’s Interagency HIV Study (WIHS, now MWCCS). Here we examined additional factors that may influence CIN2 natural history. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A total of 337 samples from 94 WLH with a confirmed CIN2 diagnosis were obtained from the MWCCS. 42 cervicovaginal HPV types and 34 cervicovaginal cytokines/chemokines were measured at CIN2 diagnosis (94 samples) and 6-12 months prior to CIN2 diagnosis (79 samples). Covariates, including CD4 count and vaginal pH, were abstracted from core MWCCS visits. Logistic regression models were used to explore CIN2 regression (CIN1, normal) vs. persistence/progression (CIN2, CIN3). Log rank tests, Kaplan Meier method, and Cox regression modeling were used to determine CIN2 regression rates. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The most prevalent HPV types were HPV54 (21.6%) and 53 (21.3%). 33 women (35.1%) had a subsequent CIN2/CIN3 diagnosis (median 12.5 years follow-up). Each additional hr-HPV type detected at the pre-CIN2 visit associated with increased odds of CIN2 persistence/progression (OR 2.27, 95% CI 1.15, 4.50). Higher vaginal pH (aOR 2.27, 95% CI 1.15, 4.50) and bacterial vaginosis (aOR 5.08, 95% CI 1.30, 19.94) at the CIN2 diagnosis visit associated with higher odds of CIN2 persistence/progression. Vaginal pH >4.5 at CIN2 diagnosis also associated with unadjusted time to CIN2 persistence/progression (log rank p=0.002) and a higher rate of CIN2 persistence/progression (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 3.37, 95% CI 1.26, 8.99). Cervicovaginal cytokine/chemokine levels were not associated with CIN2 persistence/progression. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: We found relatively low prevalence of HPV16/18 in this cohort. Elevated vaginal pH at the time of CIN2 diagnosis may be a useful indicator of CIN2 persistence/progression and the rate of persistence/progression.

Radar sounding is a powerful geophysical approach for characterizing the subsurface conditions of terrestrial and planetary ice masses at local to global scales. As a result, a wide array of orbital, airborne, ground-based, and in situ instruments, platforms and data analysis approaches for radioglaciology have been developed, applied or proposed. Terrestrially, airborne radar sounding has been used in glaciology to observe ice thickness, basal topography and englacial layers for five decades. More recently, radar sounding data have also been exploited to estimate the extent and configuration of subglacial water, the geometry of subglacial bedforms and the subglacial and englacial thermal states of ice sheets. Planetary radar sounders have observed, or are planned to observe, the subsurfaces and near-surfaces of Mars, Earth's Moon, comets and the icy moons of Jupiter. In this review paper, and the thematic issue of the Annals of Glaciology on ‘Five decades of radioglaciology’ to which it belongs, we present recent advances in the fields of radar systems, missions, signal processing, data analysis, modeling and scientific interpretation. Our review presents progress in these fields since the last radio-glaciological Annals of Glaciology issue of 2014, the context of their history and future prospects.

Stationary ice-penetrating radar (sIPR) systems can be used to monitor temporal changes in electromagnetically sensitive properties of glaciers and ice sheets. We describe a system intended for autonomous operation in remote glacial environments, and document its performance during deployments in cold and temperate settings. The design is patterned after an existing impulse radar system, with the addition of a fibre-optic link and timing module to control transmitter pulses, a micro-UPS (uninterruptable power supply) to prevent uncontrolled system shutdown and a customized satellite telemetry scheme. Various implementations of the sIPR were deployed on the Kaskawulsh Glacier near an ice-marginal lake in Yukon, Canada, for 44–77 days in summers 2014, 2015 and 2017. Pronounced perturbations to englacial radiostratigraphy were observed commensurate with lake filling and drainage, and are interpreted as changes in englacial water storage. Another sIPR was deployed in 2015–2016 on ice island PII-A-1-f, which originated from the Petermann Glacier in northwest Greenland. This system operated autonomously for almost a year during which changes in thickness of the ice column were clearly detected.

The Chernobyl accident in 1986 resulted in the widespread identification of the post-accident presence of radioactive (or ‘hot’) particles across large areas of Eastern and Central Europe. Such particles arise from direct deposition and also from condensation and interactions on particle surfaces during and following the deposition of soluble fallout. Identification of the presence and nature of hot particles is necessary in order to determine the long-term ecological impact of radioactive fallout. This paper describes several techniques for the identification and characterization of hot particles in soil samples from Belarus. In addition to new results from the use of gamma spectrometry, we include two novel instrumentation approaches that have been developed and applied to Chernobyl fallout-contaminated soils. The first, ‘differential’ autoradiography, utilizes a photographic film sandwich to characterize the nature of the ionizing radiation emitted from samples. In this paper we show that differential autoradiography can not only identify hot particle presence in soil, but can also determine the dominant radionuclide in that particle. The second approach, sector field ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS), can provide rapid, high-precision determination of the actinides, including the transuranic actinides, that characteristically occur in hot particles originating from weapons fallout or fuel matrices. Here, ICP-SFMS is shown to yield sufficiently low detection limits for plutonium isotopes (with the exception of 238Pu) to enable us to confirm negligible presence of plutonium in areas outside the Chernobyl exclusion zone, but with high levels of fission-product contamination.

Sustainable ecotourism requires careful management of human impacts on wildlife. Contrasting responses to the disturbance caused by ecotourism are observed across taxa and within species, because species and populations can differ in their tolerance to humans. However, the mechanisms by which tolerance develops remain unclear. Penguin colonies are popular tourist attractions. Although ecotourism increases public awareness and generates conservation income, it can also disturb penguins, raising concerns for threatened species such as the African Penguin Spheniscus demersus, whose populations are in rapid decline. We compared the tolerance of African Penguins to human disturbance across four colonies with contrasting histories of human exposure. Human approaches invoked the least response at colonies where human exposure was highest, suggesting increased human tolerance with increased exposure. The response to humans close to the nest also decreased more rapidly in highly exposed individuals within colonies. These results were consistent independent of breeding stage, and were repeated among colonies. Because the impacts of human disturbance, including temporary nest desertion, were greatest at the colony with least human exposure, human disturbance of breeding African Penguins potentially may be mitigated through increased levels of tolerance to humans, or displacement of shyer individuals, although this could not be assessed in the present study.

However, human exposure could significantly increase stress, impair reproduction and even reduce genetic diversity. Consequently, ecotourism must be managed carefully to minimize population level impacts, potentially by facilitating habituation in populations subject to non-threatening human disturbance, and maintaining some areas free of disturbance to allow shy individuals to breed.

Four new species of Thraulodes Ulmer (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae), Thraulodes amanda sp. n., Thraulodes pelicanus sp. n., Thraulodes xavantinensis sp. n. and Thraulodes sinuosus sp. n are described based on imagos. A new synonymy (Thraulodes lepidus [Ulmer]=Thraulodes cryptodrilus Nieto & Domínguez) is proposed and the distribution of Thraulodes schlingeri is expanded based on a new record from western Brazil.

The Comores Archipelago comprises four principal islands, lying in a WNW–ESE line at the northern end of the Mozambique Channel. The Islands are almost entirely volcanic and show a simple age progression from Grande Comore, with its active shield volcano Kharthala (2650m), east-south-eastwards through Mohéli and Anjouan, which are quite deeply dissected, to Mayotte, which is in an advanced stage of erosion and subsidence, and is encircled by a barrier reef. There is also evidence of minor volcanic rejuvenation in relatively recent times in Mayotte, and perhaps Anjouan and Mohéli. The lavas of Kharthala, and the neighbouring extinct shield volcano (Massif de la Grille) on Grande Comore are all basaltic, ranging from oceanitic and ankaramitic to aphyric types. Numerous tuff cones occur, especially on the flanks of Massif de la Grille. Basaltic lavas, similar to those of Grande Comore, form the bulk of the dissected volcanic shields of Mohéli and Anjouan, but there is also evidence of differentiation towards alkalic under-saturated end products, both as lavas and as intrusive bodies. Lherzolitic and gabbroic nodules are locally abundant on each of the islands, while xenoliths of sandstone and quartzite have been found on the three westernmost islands. Petrochemical data are presented for a considerable variety of Comores rocks, and the volcanic activity is discussed in terms of the major structural features of the Madagascar-Mozambique region.

A series of experiments is described in which a fully-submerged circular duct situated with its axis vertical is subjected to regular incident waves. The resulting wave-interaction effects are defined in terms of reflexion coefficients derived from waveheight measurements, and a pressure coefficient derived from measurements of pressure in the depths of the enclosure. The experiments were conducted in a wide tank, so simulating open-sea conditions, and in a narrow tank where wall effects were important. The particular case when a transverse standing wave was induced above the duct was examined in detail.

These three-dimensional experiments complement a previous investigation into the performance of two-dimensional ducts and are of current practical significance in the context of sub-sea wave-energy conversion.

A series of experiments is described in which a fully submerged parallel-plate enclosure is subjected to regular incident waves. The resulting wave-interaction effects are defined in terms of a reflexion coefficient derived from wave-height measurements and a pressure coefficient derived from measurements of pressure in the depths of the enclosure. The latter parameter describes the pressure induced in the enclosure by the passage of regular waves above it and is of particular interest, at present, in having a bearing on the operation and performance of a sub-sea wave-energy converter currently under development. The outcome of these experiments is the partial verification of some recent theoretical work, including the demonstration of a pressure intensification at certain wave frequencies.

These experiments form part of a wider study concerned generally with the performance of immersed, pressure-driven, wave-energy converters.

An experimental study was conducted to measure the growth rates of mechanically generated surface water waves when subjected to a fully developed turbulent channel airflow. The study was designed to test the accuracy of the growth rates predicted by Miles's (1962b) theory. For a series of wave frequencies (from 2·04 to 6·04 Hz at 0·50 Hz increments) and centre-line wind velocities (0·20, 1·12 and 1·84 m/s) wave amplitudes were measured at three stations (2–21, 3–43 and 4·65 m) downwind from a wave generator. In addition, for centre-line velocities of 1–12 and 1·84 m/s, U* (the velocity at the outer edge of the viscous sublayer) and U1, (the shear velocity) were obtained from measured mean velocity and Reynolds stress profiles. The wave amplitude measurements at the wind velocity of 0·20 m/s provided attenuation rate estimates which agreed reasonably well with theoretical attenuation rates based on viscous effects both on the walls and in the bulk of the water. The amplitude measurements at the wind velocities of 1·12 and 1·84m/s provided growth rate estimates which were compared with theoretical growth rates (computed using the wave frequency, U1 and U* predicted by Miles's (1962b) theory. At 1·12m/s Miles's growth rateswere two to five times larger than those measured; at 1·84 m/s Miles's growth rates were about two times larger.