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95 results

Page 1 of 5

  • Chemically induced cone degeneration in the 13-lined ground squirrel

  • Hannah M. Follett, Emma Warr, Jenna Grieshop, Ching Tzu Yu, Mina Gaffney, Owen R. Bowie, Jong Won Lee, Sergey Tarima, Dana K. Merriman, Joseph Carroll
  • Journal:
    Visual Neuroscience / Volume 41 / 2024
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    10 May 2024, E002
    • Article
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  • Animal models of retinal degeneration are critical for understanding disease and testing potential therapies. Inducing degeneration commonly involves the administration of chemicals that kill photoreceptors by disrupting metabolic pathways, signaling pathways, or protein synthesis. While chemically induced degeneration has been demonstrated in a variety of animals (mice, rats, rabbits, felines, 13-lined ground squirrels (13-LGS), pigs, chicks), few studies have used noninvasive high-resolution retinal imaging to monitor the in vivo cellular effects. Here, we used longitudinal scanning light ophthalmoscopy (SLO), optical coherence tomography, and adaptive optics SLO imaging in the euthermic, cone-dominant 13-LGS (46 animals, 52 eyes) to examine retinal structure following intravitreal injections of chemicals, which were previously shown to induce photoreceptor degeneration, throughout the active season of 2019 and 2020. We found that iodoacetic acid induced severe pan-retinal damage in all but one eye, which received the lowest concentration. While sodium nitroprusside successfully induced degeneration of the outer retinal layers, the results were variable, and damage was also observed in 50% of contralateral control eyes. Adenosine triphosphate and tunicamycin induced outer retinal specific damage with varying results, while eyes injected with thapsigargin did not show signs of degeneration. Given the variability of damage we observed, follow-up studies examining the possible physiological origins of this variability are critical. These additional studies should further advance the utility of chemically induced photoreceptor degeneration models in the cone-dominant 13-LGS.

  • Comparing the distribution of neuropsychiatric symptoms among individuals with depression and mild cognitive impairment

  • A. Keng, D. Kapustin, C. Ma, K. Bingham, C. Fischer, L. Mah, D. Gallagher, M. A. Butters, C. R. Bowie, A. Voineskos, A. Graff, A. Flint, N. Herrmann, B. Pollock, B. Mulsant, T. Rajji, S. Kumar, P.-M. Study Group
  • Journal:
    European Psychiatry / Volume 66 / Issue S1 / March 2023
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    19 July 2023, p. S173
    • Article
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  • Introduction

    Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are common during the course of neurocognitive disorders. NPS have been previously reported in early and late stages of Alzheimer’s Disease. However, our understanding of NPS in high-risk states for dementia such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and major depressive disorder (MDD) is poor.

    Objectives

    To compare the frequency and factor structure of neuropsychiatric symptoms among individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in remission, and comorbid MCI and MDD (in remission) (MCI-D).

    Methods

    We used baseline data from the Prevention of Alzheimer’s Dementia with Cognitive Remediation Plus Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Depression (PACt-MD) study, a multicenter trial across five academic sites in Toronto, Canada (clinical trial No. NCT0238667). We used ANOVA or χ2-test to compare frequency of NPS across groups. We used factor analysis of Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPI-Q) items in the three groups.

    Results

    We included 374 participants with a mean age of 72.0 years (SD = 6.3). In the overall sample, at least one NPS was present in 64.2% participants, and 36.1 % had at least moderate severity NPS (36.1%). Depression (54%, χ2 < 0.001) and apathy (28.7%, χ2=0.002) were more prevalent in the MCI-D group as compared to MCI and MDD groups. In factor analysis, NPS grouped differently in MCI, MDD, and MCI-D groups. A “psychotic” subgroup emerged among MCI and MCI-D, but not in MDD. Night-time behaviors and disinhibition grouped differently across all three groups.

    Conclusions

    Prevalence of NPS seems higher in persons with MCI-D as compared to those with only MCI or MDD. The factor structure of NPS differed between MCI, MDD, and MCI-D groups. Future studies should investigate the association of NPS factors with cognition, function, and illness biomarkers.

    Disclosure of Interest

    None Declared

  • Chapter 14 - Fate and Authority in Mesopotamian Literature and the Iliad

  • from Part III - Difference
  • Edited by Adrian Kelly, University of Oxford, Christopher Metcalf, University of Oxford
  • Book:
    Gods and Mortals in Early Greek and Near Eastern Mythology
    Published online:
    27 March 2021
    Print publication:
    06 May 2021, pp 243-261

  • Summary

    This chapter considers another important topic in the rich body of early Greek and ancient Near Eastern divine narratives: the issue of fate and divine authority. In the author’s analysis, Sumerian and Akkadian sources tend to describe fate as being under the control of the gods, who employ it as a tool in governing the universe; fate can be said to take physical shape, such as an inscribed tablet. In early Greek literature, on the other hand, fate is not a matter of divine decrees, but mainly regarded as something assigned to individuals, and the Greek epic tradition is less explicit on its nature and physical shape. Comparison of the theme of divine authority, which is a concern to both Mesopotamian and early Greek epic poetry, illustrates the wisdom of the use by the leading god or gods of consultation and tactical response to the demands of other deities: if autocracy leads to disaster, diplomacy is the tool by which the respective chief gods can preserve their authority.

  • Clinical and methodological considerations for psychological treatment of cognitive impairment in major depressive disorder

  • Katie M. Douglas, Melissa Milanovic, Richard J. Porter, Christopher R. Bowie
  • Journal:
    BJPsych Open / Volume 6 / Issue 4 / July 2020
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    29 June 2020, e67
    • Article
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  • Background

    Cognitive impairment is considered a core feature of major depressive disorder (MDD) and research into psychological treatments aiming to address cognitive impairment are gaining momentum. Compared with the well-established research base of cognitive treatment trials in schizophrenia, including meta-analyses, mood disorder research is much more preliminary.

    Aims

    To focus on identifying the important factors to consider in developing larger-scale psychological treatment trials targeting cognitive impairment in mood disorders. Trial design recommendations have been published for cognitive treatment trials in bipolar disorder.

    Method

    An in-depth discussion of methodological considerations in the development of cognitive treatment trials for MDD.

    Results

    Methodological considerations include: screening for, and defining, cognitive impairment; mood state when cognitive intervention begins; medication monitoring during cognitive interventions; use of concomitant therapy; level of therapist involvement; duration and dose of treatment; choice of specific cognitive training exercises; home practice; improving adherence; appropriate comparison therapies in clinical trials; and choice of primary outcomes.

    Conclusions

    As well as guidance for clinical trial development, this review may be helpful for clinicians wanting to provide cognitive interventions for individuals with MDD.

  • Predictors of mental health and academic outcomes in first-year university students: Identifying prevention and early-intervention targets

  • Part of
  • A. Duffy, C. Keown-Stoneman, S. Goodday, J. Horrocks, M. Lowe, N. King, W. Pickett, S. H. McNevin, S. Cunningham, D. Rivera, L. Bisdounis, C. R. Bowie, K. Harkness, K. E. A. Saunders
  • Journal:
    BJPsych Open / Volume 6 / Issue 3 / May 2020
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    08 May 2020, e46
    • Article
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  • Background

    Although there is growing interest in mental health problems in university students there is limited understanding of the scope of need and determinants to inform intervention efforts.

    Aims

    To longitudinally examine the extent and persistence of mental health symptoms and the importance of psychosocial and lifestyle factors for student mental health and academic outcomes.

    Method

    Undergraduates at a Canadian university were invited to complete electronic surveys at entry and completion of their first year. The baseline survey measured important distal and proximal risk factors and the follow-up assessed mental health and well-being. Surveys were linked to academic grades. Multivariable models of risk factors and mental health and academic outcomes were fit and adjusted for confounders.

    Results

    In 1530 students surveyed at entry to university 28% and 33% screened positive for clinically significant depressive and anxiety symptoms respectively, which increased to 36% and 39% at the completion of first year. Over the academic year, 14% of students reported suicidal thoughts and 1.6% suicide attempts. Moreover, there was persistence and overlap in these mental health outcomes. Modifiable psychosocial and lifestyle factors at entry were associated with positive screens for mental health outcomes at completion of first year, while anxiety and depressive symptoms were associated with lower grades and university well-being.

    Conclusions

    Clinically significant mental health symptoms are common and persistent among first-year university students and have a negative impact on academic performance and well-being. A comprehensive mental health strategy that includes a whole university approach to prevention and targeted early-intervention measures and associated research is justified.

Homer: Odyssey Books XIII and XIV
  • Homer
  • Edited by A. M. Bowie
  • Published online:
    12 September 2018
    Print publication:
    09 January 2014
  • The second part of the Odyssey takes epic in new directions, giving significant roles to people of 'lower status' and their way of life: epic notions of the primacy of the aristocrat and the achievements of the Trojan War are submitted to scrutiny. Books XIII and XIV contain some of the subtlest human exchanges in the poem, as Athena and Odysseus spar with each other and Odysseus tests the quiet patience of his swineherd Eumaeus. The principal themes and narrative structures, especially of disguise and recognition, which the second part uses with remarkable economy, are established here. The Introduction also includes a detailed historical account of the Homeric dialect, as well as sections on metre and the text itself. The Commentary on the Greek text pays particular attention to the exposition of unfamiliar linguistic forms and constructions. The literary parts of the Introduction and the Commentary are accessible to all.

Herodotus: Histories Book VIII
  • Herodotus
  • Edited by A. M. Bowie
  • Published online:
    28 May 2018
    Print publication:
    13 December 2007
  • The Battle of Salamis was the first great (and unexpected) victory of the Greeks over the Persian forces under Xerxes, whose defeat had important consequences for the subsequent history and self-image of Europe. This battle forms the centre-piece of book VIII of Herodotus' Histories. The book also illuminates Greek views of themselves and of peoples from the East, the problematic relationships between different Greek states in the face of the invasion, and the role of the divine in history. This introduction and commentary pays particular attention to the history and culture of Achaemenid Persia and the peoples of its empire. It offers much help with the language of the text (which has been prepared for ease of reading), and deals with major literary and historical questions. It will be of especial use to intermediate and advanced Greek students, but also provides up-to-date scholarly materials for graduate students and professional classicists.

  • Coevolutionary patterns and diversification of avian malaria parasites in African sunbirds (Family Nectariniidae)

  • ELVIN J. LAURON, CLAIRE LOISEAU, RAURI C. K. BOWIE, GREG S. SPICER, THOMAS B. SMITH, MARTIM MELO, RAVINDER N. M. SEHGAL
  • Journal:
    Parasitology / Volume 142 / Issue 5 / April 2015
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    29 October 2014, pp. 635-647

  • The coevolutionary relationships between avian malaria parasites and their hosts influence the host specificity, geographical distribution and pathogenicity of these parasites. However, to understand fine scale coevolutionary host–parasite relationships, robust and widespread sampling from closely related hosts is needed. We thus sought to explore the coevolutionary history of avian Plasmodium and the widespread African sunbirds, family Nectariniidae. These birds are distributed throughout Africa and occupy a variety of habitats. Considering the role that habitat plays in influencing host-specificity and the role that host-specificity plays in coevolutionary relationships, African sunbirds provide an exceptional model system to study the processes that govern the distribution and diversity of avian malaria. Here we evaluated the coevolutionary histories using a multi-gene phylogeny for Nectariniidae and avian Plasmodium found in Nectariniidae. We then assessed the host–parasite biogeography and the structuring of parasite assemblages. We recovered Plasmodium lineages concurrently in East, West, South and Island regions of Africa. However, several Plasmodium lineages were recovered exclusively within one respective region, despite being found in widely distributed hosts. In addition, we inferred the biogeographic history of these parasites and provide evidence supporting a model of biotic diversification in avian Plasmodium of African sunbirds.

Title match

Title match

  • Homeric language

  • from Introduction
  • Homer
  • Edited by A. M. Bowie, University of Oxford
  • Book:
    Homer: <I>Odyssey Books XIII and XIV</I>
    Published online:
    12 September 2018
    Print publication:
    09 January 2014, pp 29-54

  • Summary

    What follows is not a complete account of the Homeric dialect. Its aim is to give the reader a sense of the salient aspects of the dialect and an indication of where historically its range and variety came from. It does not therefore cover every aspect of the language, nor for the most part does it consider features which are familiar from Attic, nor rarer exceptions or unusual forms. Where these occur in books 13–14, they are dealt with in the commentary. Many of the points here are controversial, but detailed discussion has been avoided for the sake of comprehensibility.

    The dialect mixture

    As we have it, the language of epic is principally the Ionic dialect spoken (with local variations) in Euboea, the islands of the eastern Aegean and Asia Minor,107 with an admixture of forms from the Aeolic dialect spoken (with local variations) in Thessaly, Boeotia and northern islands like Lesbos.

  • Books 13–14 and the second half of the Odyssey

  • from Introduction
  • Homer
  • Edited by A. M. Bowie, University of Oxford
  • Book:
    Homer: <I>Odyssey Books XIII and XIV</I>
    Published online:
    12 September 2018
    Print publication:
    09 January 2014, pp 2-15

  • Summary

    Closure’ and transition

    ‘Books 13–14’ cover the transition between the end of the wanderings and the beginning of the long series of episodes on Ithaca. The division into books is almost certainly post-Homeric, and may even be the result of commercial considerations: it has therefore no especial authority. The most natural place for a pause in this part of the epic would be 13.93, where the sun rises on Ithaca: if the Odyssey was, as is possible, performed over two days, this would have made a good opening for the second morning. However, a notable technique employed in making the transition from the ‘fairy-tale’ world of the wanderings to the ‘real’ world of Ithaca is the use of a number of ‘closural’ techniques, which suggest at a number of points that we are coming to the close of the episode, but the actual end is constantly deferred in a variety of ways.

    The end of book 12 closes Odysseus’ story, but not quite the context in which it stands, the evening meal in Alcinous’ palace: that closure comes very soon, as the Phaeacians all head for bed (13.17). A new day then sees the beginning of the inal preparations for Odysseus’ night-time departure. That day then rapidly passes in the text, but not for Odysseus who is impatient to depart. Night falls once again (13.35), at which point warm farewells are exchanged and the ship is packed with gifts. Odysseus is put to sleep in the boat (13.75–6), and his sleep is especially deep, being described as ‘unwaking, very like death’ (13.80). The conjunction of night, sleep, death and departure looks classically closural, and this sense is reinforced by the way in which 13.89–92 recall the very first lines of the epic, again suggesting that ‘part one’ is coming to its close.

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