Observations of radiocarbon (14C) in Earth’s atmosphere and other carbon reservoirs are important to quantify exchanges of CO2 between reservoirs. The amount of 14C is commonly reported in the so-called Delta notation, i.e., Δ14C, the decay- and fractionation-corrected departure of the ratio of 14C to total C from that ratio in an absolute international standard; this Delta notation permits direct comparison of 14C/C ratios in the several reservoirs. However, as Δ14C of atmospheric CO2, Δ14CO2 is based on the ratio of 14CO2 to total atmospheric CO2, its value can and does change not just because of change in the amount of atmospheric14CO2 but also because of change in the amount of total atmospheric CO2, complicating ascription of change in Δ14CO2 to change in one or the other quantity. Here we suggest that presentation of atmospheric 14CO2 amount as mole fraction relative to dry air (moles of 14CO2 per moles of dry air in Earth’s atmosphere), or as moles or molecules of 14CO2 in Earth’s atmosphere, all readily calculated from Δ14CO2 and the amount of atmospheric CO2 (with slight dependence on δ13CO2), complements presentation only as Δ14CO2, and can provide valuable insight into the evolving budget and distribution of atmospheric 14CO2.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The goal of this study was to examine the attitudes of central Pennsylvania rural residents toward data sharing in the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic. We determined their willingness to provide cell phone data and personal information to public health staff investigating COVID-19 cases, as well as their concerns about sharing this information. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We used the electronic medical records of an academic healthcare institution in central Pennsylvania to obtain names and addresses of patients who had visited an outpatient clinic or been an inpatient within the prior three years, were 18 years or older, and who resided in a community defined as rural by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The survey included four statements about contact tracing, three statements about intent to receive the COVID-19 vaccine, and validated scales for general trust and for distrust in healthcare organizations. All study variables were summarized to determine their distributions, and bivariate binomial logistic regression was conducted. A multivariable model including all of the independent variables was then fit for each outcome variable. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The response rate was 19.5%. 95 % of respondents were white, 56% were female, and nearly two-thirds were older than 60 years. Binomial logistic regression showed that both distrust in healthcare organizations and political values influenced respondents willingness to share information with contact tracers as well as their concerns about sharing. In multivariate analysis, political values were a consistent predicator of willingness to share and concerns about sharing. Respondents who indicated that they wanted to get vaccinated as soon as possible were significantly more likely than those who did not want to be vaccinated to be willing to share their cell phone location data and personal data. Conversely, they were less likely to be concerned with these data being shared without their permission. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Understanding rural residents concerns about sharing personal information is critical if we are to develop successful strategies for lessening the impact of COVID-19 and managing future pandemics. This study is a first step in eliciting such concerns in the context of COVID-19and has implications for directing a successful pandemic response.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Vaccination for COVID-19 is a primary public health strategy to control the pandemic. In this study, we examined how various sociodemographic variables influence rural residents intentions to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. We also examined the role of distrust in healthcare organizations in these intentions. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: sing the electronic medical records of an academic healthcare institution in central Pennsylvania, we obtained names and addresses of patients who had been an inpatient or outpatient within the prior three years, were 18 years or older, and who resided in a community defined as rural by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The survey included three statements about the intent to receive the COVID-19 vaccine, an open-ended question about concerns regarding the vaccine, and validated scales for general trust and for distrust in healthcare organizations. All study variables were summarized to determine their distributions, and then bivariate binomial logistic regression analyses were conducted. Responses to the open-ended question were coded and used as variables in the bivariate analysis. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Respondents reporting conservative political views were more likely (compared to those liberal political views) to never want to be vaccinated for COVID-19. Those who expressed distrust in healthcare organizations were less likely to want to be vaccinated soon. Conversely those who were more trusting said they were more likely to want to be vaccinated soon. Respondents dominant concerns about the COVID-19 vaccine were that it was new and that the process for its development was rushed. Respondents who believed that COVID-19 was a hoax were unlikely to ever want to be vaccinated, while those who distrusted the process in some way (new vaccine or rushed vaccine) were more likely to want to wait to be vaccinated. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: These findings confirm the impact of political orientation on COVID-19 vaccination intention and suggest that distrust in healthcare organizations may prevent people from being vaccinated. These data provide evidence that people delaying vaccination hold different beliefs than those who will never vaccinate.

This paper presents a compilation of atmospheric radiocarbon for the period 1950–2019, derived from atmospheric CO2 sampling and tree rings from clean-air sites. Following the approach taken by Hua et al. (2013), our revised and extended compilation consists of zonal, hemispheric and global radiocarbon (14C) data sets, with monthly data sets for 5 zones (Northern Hemisphere zones 1, 2, and 3, and Southern Hemisphere zones 3 and 1–2). Our new compilation includes smooth curves for zonal data sets that are more suitable for dating applications than the previous approach based on simple averaging. Our new radiocarbon dataset is intended to help facilitate the use of atmospheric bomb 14C in carbon cycle studies and to accommodate increasing demand for accurate dating of recent (post-1950) terrestrial samples.

A juvenile specimen of the titanosaurid sauropod Alamosaurus sanjuanensis, recovered from just below the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary horizon in Big Bend National Park, Texas, is from an individual less than half the size of adult specimens referred to this species. The disarticulated skeleton was preserved in deposits of a shallow flood-plain pond and includes elements not previously described, allowing for an improved diagnosis for this species. The elongate opisthocoelous cervical vertebrae have non-bifid posteriorly deflected neural spines with deep postspinal fossae. The dorsal vertebrae have wide spatulate neural spines with strong prespinal laminae, and lack hyposphene-hypantrum articulations. Alamosaurus sanjuanensis exhibits a unique morphology of the ischium, evident even in this juvenile specimen. Comparison with other titanosaurid species suggests that A. sanjuanensis is most closely related to an unnamed titanosaur from Peiropolis, Brazil and Neuquensaurus australis from Argentina.

The radiocarbon content of whole air provides a theoretically ideal and now observationally proven tracer for recently added fossil-fuel-derived CO2 in the atmosphere (Cff ). Over large industrialized land areas, determination of Cff also constrains the change in CO2 due to uptake and release by the terrestrial biosphere. Here, we review the development of a Δ14CO2 measurement program and its implementation within the US portion of the NOAA Global Monitoring Division's air sampling network. The Δ14CO2 measurement repeatability is evaluated based on surveillance cylinders of whole air and equates to a Cff detection limit of <0.9 ppm from measurement uncertainties alone. We also attempt to quantify additional sources of uncertainty arising from non-fossil terms in the atmospheric 14CO2 budget and from uncertainties in the composition of “background” air against which Cff enhancements occur. As an example of how we apply the measurements, we present estimates of the boundary layer enhancements of Cff and Cbio using observations obtained from vertical airborne sampling profiles off of the northeastern US. We also present an updated time series of measurements from NOAA GMD's Niwot Ridge site at 3475 m asl in Colorado in order to characterize recent Δ14CO2 variability in the well-mixed free troposphere.

Accurate data on West Nile virus (WNV) cases help guide public health education and control activities, and impact regional WNV blood product screening procedures. During an outbreak of WNV disease in Arizona, records from patients with meningitis or encephalitis were reviewed to determine the proportion tested for WNV. Of 60 patients identified with meningitis or encephalitis, 24 (40%) were tested for WNV. Only 12 (28%) of 43 patients aged <50 years were tested for WNV compared to 12 (71%) of 17 patients aged ⩾50 years (P<0·01). Patients with clinical signs of weakness or paralysis, elevated CSF protein, admitted to an inpatient facility, or discharged to a rehabilitation facility were also more likely to have WNV testing performed. The lack of testing in younger age groups and in those with less severe disease probably resulted in substantial underestimates of WNV neuroinvasive disease burden.

We have obtained spectra of 16 PNe in the disk of M31 and determined the abundances of He, N, O, Ne, S and Ar. Here we present the median abundances and compare them with previous M31 PN disk measurements and with PNe in the Milky Way. We also derive the radial oxygen gradient in M31, which is shallower than that in the Milky Way, even accounting for M31's larger disk scale length.

Significant progress has been made in the OMVPE growth of GaAs directly on Si by the previously reported low-temperature growth technique. These films have been characterized by low-temperature PL, SIMS, TEM, and DLTS. The epitaxial layers, whose quality has been determined by PL measurements (4.2 K PL spectral width of heavy-hole exciton ≈ 3 meV), were implanted with 29Si+ for fabrication of MESFET channels. Background concentrations of ≈ 1014 cm−3 have been achieved for the first time after rapid thermal annealing without the need to use oxygen implantation or vanadium doping. SIMS measurements do not show Si pileup on the surface or much Si diffusion at the GaAs-Si interface, a significant improvement over earlier results. DLTS measurements and electrical characterization of the GaAs-Si heterojunction diode indicate the presence of only two trap levels (< 1014 cm−3 in concentration) in the GaAs ≥ 2.5 μm away from the interface.

A space S has property P -1 if S is nonempty. For n > — 1, S has property Pn if it is locally connected, has property P n-1 and if whenever it is written as a union, S = A ∪ B where each of A and B is closed and has property P n-1, then A ∩ B also has property P n-1. The purpose of this paper is to establish that for locally compact spaces, each of the properties Pn is both cyclicly extensible and reducible.

K-coherence (K an integer ≧ –1), has been defined by W. R. R. Transue [3] in such a way that 0-coherence is connectedness and 1-coherence is unicoherence plus local connectedness. It is well-known (see, for instance, [5, p. 82]), that for metric spaces, unicoherence is cyclicly extensible and reducible; furthermore, this result has been generalized by Minear to locally connected spaces, [2, Theorems 4.1 and 4.3]. In this paper we show that for a (k – 1)-coherent and locally (k – 1)-coherent Hausdorff space M,k-coherence is cyclicly extensible and reducible.

G. T. Whyburn, in 1926, began the development of cyclic element theory for Peano continua. This theory proved fruitful in the study of Peano spaces and a comprehensive development of the theory for metric spaces was presented in [6]. An excellent history of the theory is to be found in [4]. In [7] and [5] the generalization of cyclic element theory to more general spaces was begun. However, in each of these papers only basic definitions were set forth and fundamental results obtained. In this paper, we concern ourselves primarily with connected and locally connected Hausdorff spaces, developing the cyclic element theory initiated in [7] and demonstrating that the theory has many of the applications to connected and locally connected Hausdorff spaces that the classical theory has to Peano spaces.

We assume F is a purely inseparable field extension of the field K. The characteristic of K is p ≠ 0, and we assume F and K are not perfect. For x ∈ F, the exponent of x over K is the smallest

non-negative integer e such that and will be denoted by

e (x); ⨱ will denote . For any subset S of F, e(x; S) will denote the exponent of x over K(S); in case S = {y} we will write e(x; y) for e(x; S).

In his interesting discussion of the politics of the greater romantic poets, Mr. Walter Graham throws light not so much upon the work of the poets as upon the men themselves. The illumination is biographical rather than critical. Is it not possible to carry the analysis of the material further, to view the problem involved in the political doctrines of Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, and Shelley in such a way as to give a literary as well as a biographical significance to the data? The importance of such analysis for Scott, Southey, and Keats is less, and in any case cannot be undertaken in the present paper. With respect to Wordsworth, Coleridge, Shelley, and Byron, however, such a consideration has not only its own value but would confirm and also perhaps offer a correction of the biographical view.