The heat conductivity of a plasma is usually much higher along the magnetic field than across it, and, as a result, the presence of a magnetic island can significantly affect the temperature profile in its vicinity. Radiation energy losses, which depend sensitively on temperature, are thus strongly affected by magnetic islands. This phenomenon is explored in a simple mathematical setting, and it is shown that the presence of a magnetic island greatly enhances a plasma's capacity to radiate energy. In the limit of highly anisotropic heat conductivity, the steady-state heat conduction equation can be reduced to an ordinary differential equation. Although this equation operates in one dimension, the topology is not that of the real line, but corresponds to a rod with a cooling fin. As parameters such as the incoming heat flux or the radiation amplitude are varied, the radiation has a tendency to linger around the island, in particular in the region of the separatrix, and the total radiated energy is then significantly increased. The island acts as a ‘cooling fin’ to the plasma. Furthermore, the solutions exhibit bifurcations, where the location of the radiation zone suddenly changes.

Isothermal fluid turbulence simulations have been performed in the edge and scrape-off layer (SOL) of an analytic stellarator configuration with an island divertor, thereby providing numerical insight into edge turbulence in regions around islands in a stellarator. The steady-state transport follows the a curvature drive that is inverse to the major radius ($1/R$) toward the outboard side, but large fluctuations are present throughout the island divertor region, with the average wavelength of similar size to the island width. The system exhibits a prominent $m=2$, $n=5$ mode, where m is the poloidal mode number and n is the toroidal mode number, although other modes are present. The amplitude and radial extent of the density fluctuations are similar throughout the edge and SOL, but can decrease near island O-points. The fluctuations exhibit a predominantly positive skewness on the outboard midplane, indicating blob-like perturbations for the transport into the outer SOL. It is determined that a point on the separatrix is generally more correlated with regions outside of the SOL than a nearby reference point which does not lie on the separatrix.

We describe the implementation of an electronic medical record “hard stop” to decrease inappropriate Clostridioides difficile testing across a 5-hospital health system, effectively reducing the rates of healthcare-facility–onset C. difficile infection. This novel approach included expert consultation with medical director of infection prevention and control for test-order override.

Using a multimethod, multiinformant longitudinal design, we examined associations between specific forms of positive and negative emotional reactivity at age 5, children’s effortful control (EC), emotion regulation, and social skills at age 7, and adolescent functioning across psychological, academic, and physical health domains at ages 15/16 (N = 383). We examined how distinct components of childhood emotional reactivity directly and indirectly predict domain-specific forms of adolescent adjustment, thereby identifying developmental pathways between specific types of emotional reactivity and adjustment above and beyond the propensity to express other forms of emotional reactivity. Age 5 high-intensity positivity was associated with lower age 7 EC and more adolescent risk-taking; age 5 low-intensity positivity was associated with better age 7 EC and adolescent cardiovascular health, providing evidence for the heterogeneity of positive emotional reactivity. Indirect effects indicated that children’s age 7 social skills partially explain several associations between age 5 fear and anger reactivity and adolescent adjustment. Moreover, age 5 anger reactivity, low-, and high-intensity positivity were associated with adolescent adjustment via age 7 EC. The findings from this interdisciplinary, long-term longitudinal study have significant implications for prevention and intervention work aiming to understand the role of emotional reactivity in the etiology of adjustment and psychopathology.

The island divertor topology of the Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) scrape-off-layer exhibits regions of highly varying connection length. Here, we present drift-plane simulations of seeded filaments in regions of sharp transitions in parallel connection length – a parameter which dictates the propagation regime for plasma blobs. It is determined that a transition in parallel connection length alters the trajectory of filaments; filaments which enter regions of lower connection length are decelerated, and vice versa. It is also determined that if the lobes of a potential dipole created by diamagnetic drifts within the filament exist in two regions of distinct parallel connection length, the filament is then steered towards the region of higher connection length. The extreme case of a narrow region of varying connection length can also alter the trajectory of a filament, depending on the extent of this region. Finally, simulations mimicking the view from the W7-X gas puff imaging (GPI) diagnostic view plane are presented. It is determined that filaments in the view of the W7-X GPI diagnostic exhibit a predominantly poloidal propagation due to the radial electric field, since the radial velocity is relatively small.

We examined associations between specific self-regulatory mechanisms and externalizing behavior patterns from ages 2 to 15 (N = 443). The relation between multiple self-regulatory indicators across multiple domains (i.e., physiological, attentional, emotional, and behavioral) at age 2 and at age 5 and group membership in four distinct externalizing trajectories was examined. By examining each of these self-regulatory processes in combination with one another, and therefore accounting for their shared variance, we aimed to better understand which specific self-regulatory skills were associated most strongly with externalizing behavioral patterns. Findings suggest that behavioral inhibitory control and emotion regulation are particularly important in distinguishing between children who show normative declines in externalizing behaviors across early childhood and those who demonstrate high levels through adolescence.

Academic performance during the first years of school lays the groundwork for subsequent trajectories of academic success throughout childhood and adolescence. The current study tests a model according to which a gene–parenting correlation in the first 3 years of life is associated with subsequent psychosocial adjustment and then academic performance in the first grade (as indicated by teachers' assessment of academic behavior and two subscales of the Woodcock–Johnson Test of Achievement, Third Edition). Drawing on multiple waves of data from the Durham Child Health and Development Study, we find that risk alleles for dopamine receptor genes (dopamine receptor D4 for girls, dopamine receptor D2 for boys) are associated with less sensitive parenting. For girls, parenting mediates the link between dopamine receptor D4 and all academic outcomes. There is some indication that parenting also influences girls' withdrawn behavior in the classroom, which in turn influences teachers' assessments of academic performance. For boys, some evidence suggests that parenting is associated with emotion regulation, which is associated with teachers' assessments of academic behavior and both subscales of the Woodcock–Johnson. Replications of this exploratory study are necessary, but these findings provide a first step in understanding how evocative correlations in the home may predict indicators of psychosocial adjustment that in turn influence performance and achievement at school.

Between January and March 1992, 361 faecal specimens were collected from the healthy black population in the Transvaal Province of South Africa. Each specimen was examined for the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in commensal bacteria. Volunteers, from both rural and urban dwellings, were divided into four age groups. The overall carriage rate of resistance varied from 88.6% for ampicillin, 74.2% for trimethoprim, 52.6% for chloramphenicol, 10.2% for nalidixic acid to 7.5% for gentamicin. The carriage of resistance found to each individual antimicrobial agent was slightly higher in the rural population rather than the urban population but there was no correlation between the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and the age group.

The genetic and biochemical basis of ampicillin resistance amongst the aerobic Gram-negative commensal faecal flora of healthy volunteers in South Africa has been determined. Amongst 608 ampicillin resistant strains isolated from 320 of the participants, 158 were able to transfer their ampicillin resistant determinants into Escheriehia coli K-12 J62–2. Iso-electric focusing of the β-lactamases, extracted from the transconjugants, demonstrated that ampicillin resistance resulted from the presence of the TEM-1, TEM-2 and SHV-1 β-lactamases in 94·3%, 2·5% and 3·2% of isolates respectively. Endonuclease restriction digests of the plasmids isolated from the transconjugants showed that the β-lactamase genes were present on a wide variety of plasmid types; 101 distinct plasmid endonuclease restriction patterns were identified. Transferable ampicillin resistance was associated with resistance to other antibiotics at the following frequencies: trimethoprim (48·7 %), streptomycin (35·4 %), tetracycline (27·2%), spectinomycin (9·5%), chloramphenicol (3·2%) and gentamicin (1·3%). One antibiotic resistance pattern, ampicillin and trimethoprim. predominated (28%). In total. 77·9% of the plasmids conferred resistance to other antibiotics raising the possibility that use of any of these agents, not simply ampicillin, may contribute to the maintenance of resistance genes.

Thirty-nine strains of Salmonella typhi, isolated in 1995 from four Districts in Pakistan, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Kharian and Jehlem, were catalogued and examined. Chromosomal DNA from each isolate was digested with XbaI restriction endonuclease and subjected to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Three clonal variants comprising of 17–19 DNA fragments were identified. Antibiotic susceptibility testing identified that 37 of the S. typhi were resistant to chloramphenicol, trimethoprim and ampicillin. These antibiotic resistance genes were found to be located on one of four plasmids belonging to incompatibility group IncHI1 and ranging in size from 150–175 Kb. The genes responsible for this resistance in each case were the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) type I, the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) type VII and the β-lactamase TEM-1 respectively.