14 results
Neutron Star Extreme Matter Observatory: A kilohertz-band gravitational-wave detector in the global network
- Part of
- K. Ackley, V. B. Adya, P. Agrawal, P. Altin, G. Ashton, M. Bailes, E. Baltinas, A. Barbuio, D. Beniwal, C. Blair, D. Blair, G. N. Bolingbroke, V. Bossilkov, S. Shachar Boublil, D. D. Brown, B. J. Burridge, J. Calderon Bustillo, J. Cameron, H. Tuong Cao, J. B. Carlin, S. Chang, P. Charlton, C. Chatterjee, D. Chattopadhyay, X. Chen, J. Chi, J. Chow, Q. Chu, A. Ciobanu, T. Clarke, P. Clearwater, J. Cooke, D. Coward, H. Crisp, R. J. Dattatri, A. T. Deller, D. A. Dobie, L. Dunn, P. J. Easter, J. Eichholz, R. Evans, C. Flynn, G. Foran, P. Forsyth, Y. Gai, S. Galaudage, D. K. Galloway, B. Gendre, B. Goncharov, S. Goode, D. Gozzard, B. Grace, A. W. Graham, A. Heger, F. Hernandez Vivanco, R. Hirai, N. A. Holland, Z. J. Holmes, E. Howard, E. Howell, G. Howitt, M. T. Hübner, J. Hurley, C. Ingram, V. Jaberian Hamedan, K. Jenner, L. Ju, D. P. Kapasi, T. Kaur, N. Kijbunchoo, M. Kovalam, R. Kumar Choudhary, P. D. Lasky, M. Y. M. Lau, J. Leung, J. Liu, K. Loh, A. Mailvagan, I. Mandel, J. J. McCann, D. E. McClelland, K. McKenzie, D. McManus, T. McRae, A. Melatos, P. Meyers, H. Middleton, M. T. Miles, M. Millhouse, Y. Lun Mong, B. Mueller, J. Munch, J. Musiov, S. Muusse, R. S. Nathan, Y. Naveh, C. Neijssel, B. Neil, S. W. S. Ng, V. Oloworaran, D. J. Ottaway, M. Page, J. Pan, M. Pathak, E. Payne, J. Powell, J. Pritchard, E. Puckridge, A. Raidani, V. Rallabhandi, D. Reardon, J. A. Riley, L. Roberts, I. M. Romero-Shaw, T. J. Roocke, G. Rowell, N. Sahu, N. Sarin, L. Sarre, H. Sattari, M. Schiworski, S. M. Scott, R. Sengar, D. Shaddock, R. Shannon, J. SHI, P. Sibley, B. J. J. Slagmolen, T. Slaven-Blair, R. J. E. Smith, J. Spollard, L. Steed, L. Strang, H. Sun, A. Sunderland, S. Suvorova, C. Talbot, E. Thrane, D. Töyrä, P. Trahanas, A. Vajpeyi, J. V. van Heijningen, A. F. Vargas, P. J. Veitch, A. Vigna-Gomez, A. Wade, K. Walker, Z. Wang, R. L. Ward, K. Ward, S. Webb, L. Wen, K. Wette, R. Wilcox, J. Winterflood, C. Wolf, B. Wu, M. Jet Yap, Z. You, H. Yu, J. Zhang, J. Zhang, C. Zhao, X. Zhu
-
- Journal:
- Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia / Volume 37 / 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 November 2020, e047
-
- Article
-
- You have access Access
- HTML
- Export citation
-
Gravitational waves from coalescing neutron stars encode information about nuclear matter at extreme densities, inaccessible by laboratory experiments. The late inspiral is influenced by the presence of tides, which depend on the neutron star equation of state. Neutron star mergers are expected to often produce rapidly rotating remnant neutron stars that emit gravitational waves. These will provide clues to the extremely hot post-merger environment. This signature of nuclear matter in gravitational waves contains most information in the 2–4 kHz frequency band, which is outside of the most sensitive band of current detectors. We present the design concept and science case for a Neutron Star Extreme Matter Observatory (NEMO): a gravitational-wave interferometer optimised to study nuclear physics with merging neutron stars. The concept uses high-circulating laser power, quantum squeezing, and a detector topology specifically designed to achieve the high-frequency sensitivity necessary to probe nuclear matter using gravitational waves. Above 1 kHz, the proposed strain sensitivity is comparable to full third-generation detectors at a fraction of the cost. Such sensitivity changes expected event rates for detection of post-merger remnants from approximately one per few decades with two A+ detectors to a few per year and potentially allow for the first gravitational-wave observations of supernovae, isolated neutron stars, and other exotica.
Affective temperaments in medical students using prescription stimulants for neuroenhancement
- L. Mineo, Y. Sarraf, S. Hanauer, D. Patel, C. Ingram, L. Montemagno, C. Concerto, F. Battaglia
-
- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 41 / Issue S1 / April 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 March 2020, p. S392
-
- Article
-
- You have access Access
- Export citation
-
Introduction
The non-medical use of prescription stimulants (NMUPS) is a common habit among American college students; It refers to the use of stimulant medications by students who do not qualify for prescription or in higher quantities or manners other than prescribed in order to improve their academic performance. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have examined the role of specific affective, biologically determined and inherited traits that might predict misuse of stimulants for neuroenhancement in graduate education.
AimTo examine the role for individual temperament traits on non-medical use of prescription stimulants (NMUPS) in medical college students.
MethodsWe investigated 181 students using the short form of the Temperament Evaluation of the Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Auto-questionnaire (TEMPS-A). Furthermore, we assessed the association of demographic variables and health risk behaviors (drinking, smoking, use other illicit drugs) with NMUPS. Predictors were investigated using logistic regression.
ResultsThe prevalence of NMUPS was 30.06% with 7.1% users being previously diagnosed with ADHD. NMUPS users had higher scores on the hyperthymic scale. The main reason for taking NMUPS was to “Increase ability to stay alert during studying” (80.1%) followed by “Allow studying for longer periods of time” (19.9%). The hyperthymic temperament score and being a user of other illicit drugs increased the odds of becoming NMUPS.
ConclusionsOur results suggest that personality profiles can be used to identify students with an increased risk for NMUPS for early personalized counseling and behavioral intervention based on their temperament profile.
Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Contributors
-
- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
-
- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
- Print publication:
- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
Attributing sporadic and outbreak-associated infections to sources: blending epidemiological data
- D. COLE, P. M. GRIFFIN, K. E. FULLERTON, T. AYERS, K. SMITH, L. A. INGRAM, B. KISSLER, R. M. HOEKSTRA
-
- Journal:
- Epidemiology & Infection / Volume 142 / Issue 2 / February 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 April 2013, pp. 295-302
-
- Article
-
- You have access Access
- HTML
- Export citation
-
Common sources of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157 infection have been identified by investigating outbreaks and by case-control studies of sporadic infections. We conducted an analysis to attribute STEC O157 infections ascertained in 1996 and 1999 by the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) to sources. Multivariable models from two case-control studies conducted in FoodNet and outbreak investigations that occurred during the study years were used to calculate the annual number of infections attributable to six sources. Using the results of the outbreak investigations alone, 27% and 15% of infections were attributed to a source in 1996 and 1999, respectively. Combining information from both data sources, 65% of infections in 1996 and 34% of infections in 1999 were attributed. The results suggest that methods to incorporate data from multiple surveillance systems and over several years are needed to improve estimation of the number of illnesses attributable to exposure sources.
Activities of glycogen phosphorylase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in adult worms of Litomosoides carinii recovered from pyridoxine deficient cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus)
- M. A. Beg, J. L. Fistein, G. A. Ingram, D. M. Storey
-
- Journal:
- Parasitology / Volume 112 / Issue 2 / February 1996
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 March 2010, pp. 227-232
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
This paper demonstrates that the activities of glycogen phosphorylase (GP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) are reduced in adult worms of the filarial nematode Litomosoides carinii recovered from pyri-doxine-deficient cotton rats when compared to worms recovered from pyridoxine-sufficient controls. GP, ALT and AST activities were determined in adult worms L. carinii recovered from cotton rat hosts over a 20-week experimental period. Activities of GP, ALT and AST in the parasite showed a direct correlation with the dietary pyridoxine intake of their host. Throughout the experiment, enzyme activities were significantly lower (P < 0·001) in worms from rats fed a pyridoxine-free diet ad libitum that in worms from rats fed either a stock colony diet, a pyridoxine-free diet ad libitum with daily supplementation of 100 μg pyridoxine or limited amounts of pyridoxine-free diet with daily supplementation of 100 μg pyridoxine. The lower than normal activity of GP, ALT, AST and other enzymes dependent on the biologically active derivative of pyridoxine, the coenzyme pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP), interferes with the protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism of L. carinii and may in part cause the reduced establishment, development and growth of the parasite in pyridoxine-deficient hosts.
Evaluation of the effects of environmental temperature and nutrition on body composition
- M. J. Dauncey, D. L. Ingram
-
- Journal:
- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 101 / Issue 2 / October 1983
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 March 2009, pp. 351-358
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
The body composition of young mammals has been investigated in relation to environmental temperature and energy intake. Piglets were weaned at 14 days and then kept separately at 35 or 10 °C and fed either a high or a low energy intake. The animals were killed at 38, 48, 56 or 64 days of age and the carcass divided into four compartments: superficial tissue (skin and subcutaneous adipose tissue), muscle, contents of abdomen (gastro-intestinal tract, liver and kidneys), contents of thorax (heart and lungs). Each compartment was analysed for fat, nitrogen and energy content.
The results were analysed using a non-orthogonal analysis of variance in oider to investigate the separate effects of environmental temperature and energy intake, to test for possible interactions between these two factors, and to assess the time it takes for any effects to develop.
The total amount of fat stored in the body was greater in the pigs kept at the high temperature than in those kept at the low temperature and increased with an increase in food intake; there was no evidence of an interaction of temperature and diet, suggesting that their effects were exerted independently. The extra fat was stored mainly in the superficial tissue and muscle, but partly also in the deep body compartments. However, when expressed as a percentage of the total fat store a greater proportion was found in the deep body compartments of those kept at the low temperature and on the low intake, although the absolute quantities of fat involved were small.
The nitrogen content was also greater at 35 than at 10 °C, and on the high than low intake. Most of the nitrogen was present in the muscle and the proportion of the total body nitrogen stored here was greater in the warm than in the cold, whereas it was unaffected by energy intake. The energy contents of the tissues measured by bomb calorimetry and estimated from the chemical composition were similar. For animals kept at 35 °C most of the energy was stored in the superficial tissue, with the muscle as the second highest store. By contrast, those in the cold stored most of their energy in the muscle.
The present investigation has thus highlighted the large and partly independent effects that environmental temperature and food intake can have on the distribution of energy within the body and the chemical form in which it is stored.
Variations in Motor Activity and in Food and Water Intake over 24 h Periods in Pigs
- D. L. Ingram, D. E. Walters, K. F. Legge
-
- Journal:
- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 95 / Issue 2 / October 1980
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 March 2009, pp. 371-380
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
Groups of weaner pigs, and single animals, were observed in a temperature-controlled room isolated from external noise and light for periods of up to 4 weeks. Continuous records were made of motor activity, food intake and water consumption.
In the presence of a cycle of 12 h light and 12 h dark at 25 °C groups of pigs were most active in the light and took most of their food towards the end of the light period. Single pigs also tended to be more active in the light, but the rhythms were less marked, and one animal was most active during the dark period.
In continuous light, rhythms of activity and ingestion tended to collapse after only a few days, particularly in pigs which were kept by themselves. When the ambient temperature was increased to 35 °C during 12 h light and decreased to 25 °C during 12 h dark, a group of pigs was most active in the dark.
Evaluation of the effects of environmental temperature and nutrition on growth and development
- M. J. Dauncey, D. L. Ingram, D. E. Walters, K. F. Legge
-
- Journal:
- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 101 / Issue 2 / October 1983
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 March 2009, pp. 291-299
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
Growth and development of young mammals have been investigated in relation to environmental temperature and energy intake. The experimental design and statistical analysis have allowed an evaluation of the separate and combined effects of two environmental variables and the time it takes for these effects to develop. Piglets aged 14 days lived at either 35 or 10 °C, on a high or low energy intake (the energy content of the former was twice that of the latter). The influence of each of the four treatment combinations was assessed up to 64 days of age.
At 64 days of age the piglets at 35 °C on the high intake (35H) were twice as heavy as those at 10 °C on the low intake (10L). The other two groups (35L and 10H) had similar body weights, and these were between the 35H and 10L. Ambient temperature had a rapid influence on appearance and morphology: animals in the cold were shorter and squatter than those in the warm. In general, energy intake influenced the absolute size of the internal organs whereas temperature affected their size relative to body weight. Skeletal growth was faster in the warm than the cold, and on the high than the low intake. No statistically significant interactions were generally found between temperature and intake, indicating that their effects were exerted independently. Most of the effects were established after only 17 days.
The present investigation has helped in interpreting earlier studies on growth which concentrated on the effects of only one of the two environmental variables of temperature and nutrition. It emphasizes the key roles of nutrition in adaptation to environmental temperature, and of ambient temperature to nutritional studies.
Crop and Soil Responses to Post-emergence Tillage and Weed Control in Lowland Rice
- Joel D. L. C. Siopongco, Keith T. Ingram, Paquito P. Pablico, Keith Moody
-
- Journal:
- Experimental Agriculture / Volume 30 / Issue 1 / January 1994
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 October 2008, pp. 95-103
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
Beusani is a rice crop management system practised in rainfed lowland areas of eastern India whereby rice is dry-seeded, then wet-ploughed at 30–50 days after emergence and the land levelled by drawing a board across the field. Field experiments showed that beusani enhances rooting, especially in shallow soil layers, as a result of reduced penetration resistance. Although beusani reduced weed biomass by 38%, it was not as effective as application of herbicide followed by hand weeding, which reduced biomass by 87%. Yields were directly related to weed control, so beusani treatments did not yield as much as the herbicide plus hand weeding treatments in these experiments.
An outbreak of viral gastroenteritis associated with consumption of sandwiches: implications for the control of transmission by food handlers
- U. D. PARASHAR, L. DOW, R. L. FANKHAUSER, C. D. HUMPHREY, J. MILLER, T. ANDO, K. S. WILLIAMS, C. R. EDDY, J. S. NOEL, T. INGRAM, J. S. BRESEE, S. S. MONROE, R. I. GLASS
-
- Journal:
- Epidemiology & Infection / Volume 121 / Issue 3 / December 1998
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 December 1998, pp. 615-621
-
- Article
-
- You have access Access
- Export citation
-
Although food handlers are often implicated as the source of infection in outbreaks of food-borne viral gastroenteritis, little is known about the timing of infectivity in relation to illness. We investigated a gastroenteritis outbreak among employees of a manufacturing company and found an association (RR=14·1, 95% CI=2·0–97·3) between disease and eating sandwiches prepared by 6 food handlers, 1 of whom reported gastroenteritis which had subsided 4 days earlier. Norwalk-like viruses were detected by electron microscopy or reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in stool specimens from several company employees, the sick food handler whose specimen was obtained 10 days after resolution of illness, and an asymptomatic food handler. All RT-PCR product sequences were identical, suggesting a common source of infection. These data support observations from recent volunteer studies that current recommendations to exclude food handlers from work for 48–72 h after recovery from illness may not always prevent transmission of Norwalk-like viruses because virus can be shed up to 10 days after illness or while exhibiting no symptoms.
5 - Physiological responses to variations in daylength
- Edited by S. J. Ulijaszek, University of Cambridge, S. S. Strickland, University College London
-
- Book:
- Seasonality and Human Ecology
- Published online:
- 23 January 2010
- Print publication:
- 28 October 1993, pp 54-64
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Introduction
Humans are subject to numerous rhythms during the year (Hildebrandt, 1966; Aschoff, 1981a, b), which impinge to various degrees on their physiology. Some of these are related to environmental temperature or nutrition and are dealt with elsewhere; the present review is concerned with the effects of daylength solely as illumination that acts through the eye on the central nervous system. For various reasons, most of the experimental evidence about the mechanisms involved in the control of rhythms by light has been obtained from studies on animals other than humans. In the following account some of this evidence will be presented and the extent to which it applies to humans will be considered.
Annual and daily rhythms
There are at least two kinds of rhythm that can be influenced by lighting: one that occurs over a day, such as motor activity, and the other over a year, such as breeding. Both depend on structures in the brain and there is reason to believe that yearly rhythms depend at least in part on daily rhythms. The daily rhythms (i.e. nychthemeral rhythms of precisely 24 h) persist as circadian rhythms (i.e. with a period of about 24 h) even in the absence of clues about the passage of time, and a change in the timing of events (Zeitgeber) will reset the rhythm, as happens when humans move from one time zone to another.
Subjecting animals that are seasonal breeders to progressively increasing daylengths in an otherwise constant environment will either induce, or suppress, the breeding season depending on the species.
Dependence of thyroxine utilization rate on dietary composition
- D. L. Ingram, S. E. Evans
-
- Journal:
- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 43 / Issue 3 / May 1980
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 March 2007, pp. 525-531
- Print publication:
- May 1980
-
- Article
-
- You have access Access
- Export citation
-
1. The rate of utilization (k) of labelled thyroxine increased when energy intake, given as standard pig meal, was doubled from 20 to 40 g/kg body-weight per d. When the bulk of food was increased, but not its energy content, the value of k did not change. Ambient temperature was constant throughout the experiment.
2. Groups of pigs were given pig meal at 20 g/kg body-weight, 40 g/kg body-weight or 20 g/kg body-weight plus a supplement. The supplement was of equivalent energy content to 20 g pig meal/kg body-weight and consisted of coconut (high-fat), fish meal (high-protein) or glucose. The values of k were similar on diets (g/kg body-weight) of 40 pig meal, 20 pig meal plus coconut, and 20 pig meal plus fish meal. When the supplement was glucose however the values of k were similar to that for 20 g pig meal/kg body-weight.
The plasma concentrations of T4, and triiodothyronine were not affected by eating a meal, or by changing the energy intake presented as pig meal. A comparison between pigs given 20 g pig meal/kg body-weight plus supplements of bran, coconut, fish meal or glucose revealed differences in the concentration of both hormones. When food was withdrawn for 5 d the concentrations of both hormones declined.
Heat loss from humans measured with a direct calorimeter and heat-flow meters
- W. H. Close, M. J. Dauncey, D. L. Ingram
-
- Journal:
- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 43 / Issue 1 / January 1980
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 25 February 2008, pp. 87-93
- Print publication:
- January 1980
-
- Article
-
- You have access Access
- Export citation
-
1. Heat loss from three men and three women was measured in a direct calorimeter over 2 or 3 h periods and compared with that determined simultaneously from heat-flow meters attached to the skin surface at the waist. The comparisons were made at each of four ambient temperatures, 15, 20, 25 and 30°. Each subject wore a cotton boiler-suit and minimal underwear.
2. Oral temperatures and skin and clothing temperatures on both trunk and forearm were determined, thus enabling the subjects' internal and external insulation to be calculated.
3. Heat loss determined by the meters was lower than that determined by the calorimeter. The difference increased with increase in ambient temperature. ‘Meter’ heat loss decreased linearly as ambient temperature was raised.
4. It was concluded that heat-flow meters could provide a useful estimate of total heat loss when the evaporative component is low. The estimate might be improved if the subject is calibrated while wearing the meters in a calorimeter over several short periods. Heat-flow meters could therefore be of particular value in sedentary individuals, when the heart-rate method for estimating energy expenditure can be inappropriate.
Effect of dietary composition and cold exposure on non-shivering thermogenesis in young pigs and its alteration by the β-blocker propranolol
- M. J. Dauncey, D. L. Ingram
-
- Journal:
- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 41 / Issue 2 / March 1979
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 08 December 2008, pp. 361-370
- Print publication:
- March 1979
-
- Article
-
- You have access Access
- Export citation
-
1. Young pigs were fed on three diets consecutively, each diet being given for 1 week. The diets were given in random order as (g pig feed/kg body-weight): (a) 20, (b) 60, (c) 20 plus a supplement with the energy equivalent of 40 g pig feed/kg. The supplements included desiccated coconut, fish meal and glucose.
2. At the end of each week resting metabolic rate, beginning 12–14 h after feeding, was measured overnight using an open-circuit respiration chamber at thermoneutrality.
3. The oxygen consumption of pigs on the 60 g/kg diet was always higher than on the 20 g/kg diet. The addition of desiccated coconut, or fish meal also increased metabolic rate; whereas with added glucose, O2 consumption tended to be even lower than on 20 g/kg alone.
4. The administration of the β-blocker propranolol to pigs on ad lib. food intake reduced the rate of overnight resting O2 consumption, measured from 10 until 20 h after feeding, by 12%, but it had no effect on O2 consumption when the intake was 20 g feed/kg. Exposure to mild cold (15°) caused an increase in O2 consumption and this was reduced by 14% after injection of propranolol.