Direct numerical simulation (DNS) of a Mach 4.9 zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layer spatially developing over a cooled flat plate at wall-to-recovery temperature $T_w/T_r = 0.60$ is performed. Very long, streamwise contiguous domains are used in the DNS to achieve a wide continuous range of ‘useful’ friction Reynolds numbers of $1000 \lesssim {Re}_\tau \lesssim 2500$. The DNS datasets have been analysed to assess state-of-the-art compressibility scaling relations and turbulence modelling assumptions. The DNS data show a notable distinction in Reynolds number dependence between thermal and velocity fields. Although Reynolds stress and the budgets of turbulent kinetic energy have reached Reynolds number independence in the inner layer under semi-local scaling by ${Re}_\tau \simeq 1000$, the budget terms for temperature variance and turbulent heat flux retain a clear Reynolds number dependence near the wall over a broader range up to ${Re}_\tau \simeq 1900$. Such a stronger dependence of the thermal field on the Reynolds number may lead to inaccuracy in turbulence models that are calibrated on the basis of low-Reynolds-number data. Spectral and structural analysis suggests a more significant reduction in the prevalence of alternating positive and negative structures and an increase in the streamwise uniformity of streaks in the wall heat flux $q_w$ than in the wall shear stress $\tau _w$ when the Reynolds number increases.

The transition from breastmilk to solid foods (weaning) is a critical stage in infant development and plays a decisive role in the maturation of the complex microbial community inhabiting the human colon. Diet is a major factor shaping the colonic microbiota, which ferments nutrients reaching the colon unabsorbed by the host to produce a variety of microbial metabolites influencing host physiology(1). Therefore, making adequate dietary choices during weaning can positively modulate the colonic microbiota, ultimately contributing to health in infancy and later life(2). However, our understanding of how complementary foods impact the colonic microbiota of weaning infants is limited. To address this knowledge gap, we employed a metagenome-scale modelling approach to simulate the impact of complementary foods, either combined with breastmilk or with breastmilk and other foods, on the production of organic acids by colonic microbes of weaning infants(3). Complementary foods and combinations of foods with the greatest impact on the in silico microbial production of organic acids were identified. These foods and food combinations were further tested in vitro, individually or in combination with infant formula. Fifty-three food samples were digested using a protocol adapted from INFOGEST to mimic infant digestion and then fermented with faecal inoculum from 6 New Zealand infants (5-11 months old). After 24h of fermentation, the production of organic acids was measured by gas chromatography. Differences in organic acid production between samples were determined using the Tukey Honestly Significant Difference test to account for multiple comparisons. The microbial composition was characterised by amplicon sequencing of the V3-V4 regions of the 16S bacterial gene. Taxonomy was assigned using the DADA2 pipeline and the SILVA database (version 138.1). Bioinformatic and statistical analyses were conducted using the R packages phyloseq and ANCOM-BC2, with the Holm-Bonferroni adjustment to account for false discovery rates in differential abundance testing. Blackcurrant and raspberries increased the production of acetate and propionate (Tukey’s test, p<0.05) and the relative abundance of the genus Parabacteroides (Dunnett’s test, adjusted p<0.05) compared to other foods. Raspberries also increased the abundance of the genus Eubacterium (Dunnett’s test, adjusted p<0.05). When combined with infant formula, black beans stood out for increasing the production of butyrate (Tukey’s test, p<0.05) and the relative abundance of the genus Clostridium (Dunnett’s test, adjusted p<0.05). In conclusion, this study provides new evidence on how complementary foods, both individually or in combination with other dietary compounds, influence the colonic microbiota of weaning infants in vitro. Insights generated by this research can help design future clinical trials, ultimately enhancing our understanding of the relationship between human nutrition and colonic microbiota composition and function in post-weaning life.

The Mental Health Bill, 2025, proposes to remove autism and learning disability from the scope of Section 3 of the Mental Health Act, 1983 (MHA). The present article represents a professional and carer consensus statement that raises concerns and identifies probable unintended consequences if this proposal becomes law. Our concerns relate to the lack of clear mandate for such proposals, conceptual inconsistency when considering other conditions that might give rise to a need for detention and the inconsistency in applying such changes to Part II of the MHA but not Part III. If the proposed changes become law, we anticipate that detentions would instead occur under the less safeguarded Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards framework, and that unmanaged risks will eventuate in behavioural consequences that will lead to more autistic people or those with a learning disability being sent to prison. Additionally, there is a concern that the proposed definitional breadth of autism and learning disability gives rise to a risk that people with other conditions may unintentionally be unable to be detained. We strongly urge the UK Parliament to amend this portion of the Bill prior to it becoming law.

Social media platforms such as Instagram and TikTok have transformed how individuals seek and engage with dietary advice, leading to the rapid propagation of unverified nutrition information that can result in poor dietary choices, contribute to disordered eating and broader health issues(1). This study aims to measure the accuracy and frequency of nutrition misinformation, identify the types of thematic misinformation, and understand user engagement metrics on Instagram and TikTok. A mixed-methods approach was employed, analysing 500 posts (250 from each platform) collected over a six-month period from September 15, 2023, to March 15, 2024, using keywords like healthy eating, healthy food, diet, and weight loss. Posts were evaluated using a modified, previously developed, Social Media Evaluation Checklist(2) and evidence coding framework to measure accuracy. Results indicated a higher prevalence of misinformation on TikTok compared to Instagram, with a significant portion (p < 0.05) of users lacking relevant credentials. The most common characteristic was cooking/recipes and meal plans. TikTok posts with mostly accurate and completely inaccurate information had higher engagement than Instagram posts. TikTok had a larger proportion of completely inaccurate posts (10.8%), mainly related to weight loss. Descriptive statistics for engagement metrics showed TikTok posts had significantly (p < 0.05) higher likes and comments compared to Instagram posts across various accuracy levels. For Instagram, completely accurate posts had a mean of 4,318 likes and 40 comments, while mostly accurate posts had a mean of 25,153 likes and 186 comments. For TikTok, completely accurate posts had a mean of 146,327 likes and 423 comments, mostly accurate posts had a mean of 75,804 likes and 483 comments. An independent t-test revealed significant (p < 0.05) differences in likes and comments between platforms for posts with varying accuracy levels. The study highlights the need for social media platforms to verify the qualifications of individuals providing nutrition advice and implement measures to promote accurate information. Further research is necessary to develop effective strategies to mitigate the spread of misinformation via social media platforms and its impact on public health.

Prospective and early-career paleontologists deserve an accurate assessment of employment opportunities in their chosen field of study. Drawing on a wide range of sources, we have produced an admittedly incomplete analysis of the current status and recent trends of permanent academic employment in the discipline. Obtaining more complete longitudinal data on employment trends is a major difficulty; this is a challenge that needs to be addressed. The number of job seekers is far in excess of available positions. There has been a clear erosion in the number of academic paleontologists in the United States, a trend exacerbated in recent years. The decline, in constant dollars, of federal funding for paleontological research has potential strong negative impacts on future hiring. The loss of paleontology positions has also had a deleterious effect on our professional societies, which have seen a loss of regular (professional) membership, although student membership remains strong. These trends also potentially negatively impact efforts to diversify the field. Professional societies need to better coordinate their efforts to address these serious issues. Individual paleontologists also must become more effective advocates for the importance and relevance of our science.