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Patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) exhibit smaller regional brain volumes in commonly reported regions including the amygdala and hippocampus, regions associated with fear and memory processing. In the current study, we have conducted a voxel-based morphometry (VBM) meta-analysis using whole-brain statistical maps with neuroimaging data from the ENIGMA-PGC PTSD working group.
Methods
T1-weighted structural neuroimaging scans from 36 cohorts (PTSD n = 1309; controls n = 2198) were processed using a standardized VBM pipeline (ENIGMA-VBM tool). We meta-analyzed the resulting statistical maps for voxel-wise differences in gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) volumes between PTSD patients and controls, performed subgroup analyses considering the trauma exposure of the controls, and examined associations between regional brain volumes and clinical variables including PTSD (CAPS-4/5, PCL-5) and depression severity (BDI-II, PHQ-9).
Results
PTSD patients exhibited smaller GM volumes across the frontal and temporal lobes, and cerebellum, with the most significant effect in the left cerebellum (Hedges’ g = 0.22, pcorrected = .001), and smaller cerebellar WM volume (peak Hedges’ g = 0.14, pcorrected = .008). We observed similar regional differences when comparing patients to trauma-exposed controls, suggesting these structural abnormalities may be specific to PTSD. Regression analyses revealed PTSD severity was negatively associated with GM volumes within the cerebellum (pcorrected = .003), while depression severity was negatively associated with GM volumes within the cerebellum and superior frontal gyrus in patients (pcorrected = .001).
Conclusions
PTSD patients exhibited widespread, regional differences in brain volumes where greater regional deficits appeared to reflect more severe symptoms. Our findings add to the growing literature implicating the cerebellum in PTSD psychopathology.
During the past 30 yr an impasse has developed in the discovery and commercialization of synthetic herbicides with new molecular targets and novel chemistries. Similarly, there has been little success with bioherbicides, both microbial and chemical. These bioherbicides are needed to combat fast-growing herbicide resistance and to fulfill the need for more environmentally and toxicologically safe herbicides. In response to this substantial and growing opportunity, numerous start-up companies are utilizing novel approaches to provide new tools for weed management. These diverse new tools broaden the scope of discovery, encompassing advanced computational, bioinformatic, and imaging platforms; plant genome–editing and targeted protein degradation technologies; and machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI)-based strategies. This review contains summaries of the presentations of 10 such companies that took part in a symposium held at the WSSA annual meeting in 2024. Four of the companies are developing microbial bioherbicides or natural product–based herbicides, and the other six are using advanced technologies, such as AI, to accelerate the discovery of herbicides with novel molecular target sites or to develop non-GMO, herbicide-resistant crops.
Seismic hazard and risk analyses underpin the loadings prescribed by engineering design codes, the decisions by asset owners to retrofit structures, the pricing of insurance policies, and many other activities. This is a comprehensive overview of the principles and procedures behind seismic hazard and risk analysis. It enables readers to understand best practises and future research directions. Early chapters cover the essential elements and concepts of seismic hazard and risk analysis, while later chapters shift focus to more advanced topics. Each chapter includes worked examples and problem sets for which full solutions are provided online. Appendices provide relevant background in probability and statistics. Computer codes are also available online to help replicate specific calculations and demonstrate the implementation of various methods. This is a valuable reference for upper level students and practitioners in civil engineering, and earth scientists interested in engineering seismology.
Jack Baker, Stanford University, California,Brendon Bradley, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand,Peter Stafford, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London
Jack Baker, Stanford University, California,Brendon Bradley, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand,Peter Stafford, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London
Jack Baker, Stanford University, California,Brendon Bradley, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand,Peter Stafford, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London
Jack Baker, Stanford University, California,Brendon Bradley, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand,Peter Stafford, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London
Jack Baker, Stanford University, California,Brendon Bradley, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand,Peter Stafford, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London
Jack Baker, Stanford University, California,Brendon Bradley, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand,Peter Stafford, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London
Jack Baker, Stanford University, California,Brendon Bradley, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand,Peter Stafford, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London
Jack Baker, Stanford University, California,Brendon Bradley, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand,Peter Stafford, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London
Jack Baker, Stanford University, California,Brendon Bradley, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand,Peter Stafford, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London
Jack Baker, Stanford University, California,Brendon Bradley, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand,Peter Stafford, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London
Jack Baker, Stanford University, California,Brendon Bradley, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand,Peter Stafford, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London
Jack Baker, Stanford University, California,Brendon Bradley, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand,Peter Stafford, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London
Jack Baker, Stanford University, California,Brendon Bradley, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand,Peter Stafford, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London
Jack Baker, Stanford University, California,Brendon Bradley, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand,Peter Stafford, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London
Jack Baker, Stanford University, California,Brendon Bradley, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand,Peter Stafford, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London
Jack Baker, Stanford University, California,Brendon Bradley, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand,Peter Stafford, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London
Jack Baker, Stanford University, California,Brendon Bradley, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand,Peter Stafford, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London