Rapid computational routines are presented for calculating x2 from frequency data in the following cases: (1) test of goodness of fit between an observed and a theoretical distribution; (2) test of independence of distributions displayed in an r ✗ c table; (3) test of independence of distributions displayed in an r ✗ 2 table. A rapid method of computing the contingency coefficient also follows from the procedure used in the second of these cases.

It is proposed that a satisfactory criterion for an approximation to simple structure is the minimization of the sums of cross-products (across factors) of squares of factor loadings. This criterion is completely analytical and yields a unique solution; it requires no plotting, nor any decisions as to the clustering of variables into subgroups. The equations involved appear to be capable only of iterative solution; for more than three or four factors the computations become extremely laborious but may be feasible for high-speed electronic equipment. Either orthogonal or oblique solutions may be achieved. For illustrations, the Johnson-Reynolds study of “flow” and “selection” factors and the Thurstone box problem are reanalyzed. The presence of factorially complex tests produces a type of hyperplanar fit which the investigator may desire to adjust by graphical rotations; the smaller the number of such tests, the closer the criterion comes to approximating simple structure.

A study is made of the extent to which correlations between items and between tests are affected by the difficulties of the items involved and by chance success through guessing. The Pearsonian product-moment coefficient does not necessarily give a correct indication of the relation between items or sets of items, since it tends to decrease as the items or tests become less similar in difficulty. It is suggested that the tetrachoric correlation coefficient can properly be used for estimating the correlation between the continua underlying items or sets of items even though they differ in difficulty, and a method for correcting a 2 × 2 table for the effect of chance is proposed.

A multiple-factor analysis was made of a battery of 42 tests of verbal abilities administered to 119 college adults. Where necessary, the distributions of test scores were normalized before the inter-test correlations were computed. Thurstone's M (Memory or Rote Learning) factor has been confirmed, but his V (Verbal Relations) factor seems to have been split into two or possibly three factors, C, J, and G; and his W (Word Fluency) factor has been split into two factors, A and E. The C factor seems to represent the richness of the individual's stock of linguistic responses, and the J factor seems to involve the ability to handle semantic relationships. No satisfactory interpretation can as yet be made of the G factor. The A factor seems to correspond to the speed of association for common words where there is a high degree of restriction as to appropriate responses. The E factor is described as an associational facility with verbal material where the only restriction is that the responses must be syntactically coherent. The new factors are: F, facility and fluency in oral speech; H, facility in attaching appropriate names or symbols to stimuli; and D, speed of articulatory movements.

The locally made colour-coated ware vessel known as the Colchester Vase is argued to be a commissioned piece recording a performance in the town. The inscription on the vessel, cut pre-firing, names individual arena performers depicted en barbotine. One name, Memnon, is argued to be a ‘stage name’ taken from a protagonist in the Trojan war. The connection of another combatant, Valentinus, to the 30th legion is re-considered as evidence for gladiators linked to the Roman army. The Vase's final use was as a cremation urn. Osteological and isotopic analysis reveals the cremated remains to be those of a non-local male of 40+ years; unlikely to be one of the performers, he may nevertheless have been closely connected to the event.

This study identified 26 late invasive primary surgical site infection (IP-SSI) within 4–12 months of transplantation among 2073 SOT recipients at Duke University Hospital over the period 2015–2019. Thoracic organ transplants accounted for 25 late IP-SSI. Surveillance for late IP-SSI should be maintained for at least one year following transplant.

Clark and Fischer analyze social robots as interactive depictions, presenting characters that people can interact with in social settings. Unlike other types of depictions, the props for social robot depictions depend on emerging interactive technologies. This raises questions about how such depictions depict: They conflate character and prop in ways that delight, confuse, mistreat, and may become ordinary human–technology interactions.

The development of wearable technology, which enables motion tracking analysis for human movement outside the laboratory, can improve awareness of personal health and performance. This study used a wearable smart sock prototype to track foot–ankle kinematics during gait movement. Multivariable linear regression and two deep learning models, including long short-term memory (LSTM) and convolutional neural networks, were trained to estimate the joint angles in sagittal and frontal planes measured by an optical motion capture system. Participant-specific models were established for ten healthy subjects walking on a treadmill. The prototype was tested at various walking speeds to assess its ability to track movements for multiple speeds and generalize models for estimating joint angles in sagittal and frontal planes. LSTM outperformed other models with lower mean absolute error (MAE), lower root mean squared error, and higher R-squared values. The average MAE score was less than 1.138° and 0.939° in sagittal and frontal planes, respectively, when training models for each speed and 2.15° and 1.14° when trained and evaluated for all speeds. These results indicate wearable smart socks to generalize foot–ankle kinematics over various walking speeds with relatively low error and could consequently be used to measure gait parameters without the need for a lab-constricted motion capture system.

The alder bark beetle, Alniphagus aspericollis (LeConte), is known to overwinter as larvae and adults in the main stems of red alder, Alnus rubra (Bongard). Observations of adult alder bark beetles in the branch and bud nodes of planted saplings during the winter led to the hypothesis that these microhabitats represent alternative overwintering sites for the beetle in mature trees. To test this hypothesis, we surveyed crown branches at three coastal British Columbia locations, sampling three trees in 2003 and 2004 and three additional trees (nine branches per tree) in 2018–2019. Adult beetles were found overwintering inside sites excavated in the branch and bud nodes throughout the crowns of mature trees. Branch type, defined by growth class, and tree affected the overall distribution and likelihood of overwintering site occupancy among the three trees sampled intensively in 2018–2019, whereas overwintering site age (old versus new (current year)) affected the frequency of site occupancy across all six trees. We suggest that overwintering in tree crowns evolved from late-summer maturation feeding in new shoots and that the majority of beetles abandon terminal shoots as temperatures fall, moving deeper into the crown to overwinter preferentially in older branch tissues that offer greater thermal protection.

ABSTRACT IMPACT: The Independent Investigator Incubator program provides 1:1 mentoring from ‘super-mentors’ to enhance junior faculty careers in research. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: In 2014, the Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM) in collaboration with the Indiana CTSI established the Independent Investigator Incubator (I3) Program. The I3 Program is designed to provide 1:1 mentoring for new research faculty during the crucial early years of their careers. Our goal is to provide an overview of the I3 design and 5-year data. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The I3 Program employs a resource-sharing, centralized design that provides concentrated 1:1 mentorship from a senior faculty ‘super mentor’ as well as other resources, such as grant writing support. Unlike many mentorship programs, I3 mentors closely interact with the mentees within the School and are compensated for their efforts (5% full-time equivalency per mentee, max of 15%). The number of ‘super mentors’ has grown from 6 to 15 faculty over 5 years, and mentors typically serve 4 to 5 mentees. Mentee applications are accepted on a rolling enrollment basis. The I3 mentees represent a diverse group based on sex, ethnicity, terminal degree, academic track, and discipline. Mentors and mentees have annual reviews through the program. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: In five years, 110 mentees have enrolled in the I3 program. Upon entering, 53% had no external funding, 28% had internal funding, 12% had K-awards, 7% had R03/R21 awards. Over the first five years, 75% have received extramural funding. The median funding was $340,000 with nearly a third of mentees securing grants > 1 million in direct costs. For mentees who joined the program in its first three years (n=59), the average time to a notable extramural grant (defined as a NIH or foundation grant >$300K direct costs) was 2.2 years (median - 2.6 years). Nearly all mentees were satisfied with their mentor pairing based on the mentor’s ‘availability’ and ‘valuable feedback,’ and all mentees wanted the mentoring relationship to continue DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Since 2014, the I3 Program has had a positive impact on the careers of junior faculty at IUSM as determined by faculty satisfaction and funding metrics. Future focus areas will include developing criteria/models for graduating from the program to balance fiscal sustainability with mentee needs during their transition to mid-career.