Sociolinguistics is a recently developed subject of interdisciplinary study in the social sciences. Joseph H. Greenberg has indicated the scope of this field and its relevance to African studies in general in his contribution to Robert A. Lystad's The African World: A Survey of Social Research (New York, Praeger, 1965; p. 427). He includes in sociolinguistics such topics as “the relation of language differences to social class; the differential social roles of different languages co-existing in the same society; the development and spread of lingua francas as auxiliary languages in multilingual situations; the factors involved in the differential prestige ratings of languages; the role of language as a sign of ethnic identification; language in relation to nationalism; and problems of language policy, e.g., in education.” Africa, with its emerging nations, is an ideal area for such research, since the development of new nations entails problems which sociolinguistic studies are particularly fit to solve. Much of the linguistic work done in the colonial era and even in more recent years is inadequate, because of lack of reference to the relevant social context. With regard to this situation, the Committee on Sociolinguistic Research in Africa of the ARC considered it advisable to include in the January conference some topics which are usually handled under the headings of ethnolinguistics and psycholinguistics, e.g., the changes induced in one language by contact with another in the context of the general culture-contact situation, including its nonlinguistic aspects, and the problems of attitudes and behavior toward language.

Ours is an association organized on an areal basis. What we have in common is an interest in a particular portion of the earth's surface. Yet every member of the society whether a practicing academician or not bears an affiliation of a different order, namely, membership in one of the standard academic disciplines--sociology, history, anthropology, or some other. This is formally acknowledged by the placing of an appropriate letter abbreviation after each name in our membership list, and it can normally be assigned without hesitation. The latter basis of group identification, that of discipline rather than area, seems in a real sense to be primary. It is older and better established, and, above all, it supplies the very framework of American academic organization, that into departments which normally are distinguished along the lines of division of the disciplines.

True, there are programs of African studies in a number of universities, just as there are other programs, both areal and nonareal. But after a period of initial enthusiasm in some quarters following World War II for the training of areal specialists as such and without primary reference to traditional disciplinary affiliation, it became evident that if a scholar was to be, for example, an Africanist and a sociologist, he should receive his higher degree in a sociology department. He would thus be a sociologist in the broadest sense of the word, but one with a special interest in Africa rather than an Africanist with a greater interest in the sociological than the other aspects of African life. Area study programs thus failed to shake the fundamental organizational basis of American academic life. In fact, today most African programs are interdepartmental as well as interdisciplinary and their staff members are usually at the same time members of established academic departments.

The Third West African Languages Congress took place in Freetown, Sierra Leone, from March 26 to April 1, 1963. This was the third of the annual meetings of those interested in West African languages sponsored by the West African Languages Survey, previous meetings having been held in Accra (1961) and Dakar (1962). The West African Languages Survey is a Ford Foundation project. Additional financial assistance from UNESCO and other sources contributed materially to the scope and success of the meeting.

This meeting was larger than previous ones both in attendance and in number of papers presented and, it may be said, in regard to the scientific level of the papers presented. The official participants, seventy-two in number, came from virtually every country in West Africa, from Western European countries and from the United States. The linguistic theme of the meeting was the syntax of West African languages, and a substantial portion of the papers presented were on this topic. In addition, there was for the first time at these meetings a symposium on the teaching of English, French and African languages in Africa. The papers of this symposium will be published in the forthcoming series of monographs planned as a supplement to the new Journal of West African Languages. The other papers are to appear in the Journal of African Languages edited by Jack Berry of the School of Oriental and African Studies.

A summary of the Third International Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Conference proceedings on neuroimaging research and neurocircuitry models of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is presented. This survey of recent and ongoing research indicates that a wide range of modern techniques and experimental strategies are being employed in a complementary fashion to enhance our understanding of OCD. Imaging studies in animal models of OCD are helping to elaborate relevant normal anatomy and neuro-chemistry. Functional imaging methods are being employed in conjunction with behavioral, pharmacologic, and cognitive challenge paradigms. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy as well as radiotracer methods are being utilized to measure neurochemical and neuropharmacologic indices in OCD. Transcranial magnetic stimulation has emerged as a tool for probing neurocircuitry that may also have therapeutic potential. Experimental designs and data-analytic methods are evolving to help elucidate the pathophysiology of OCD and related disorders, delineate neurobiologically meaningful subtypes of OCD, and identify potential predictors of treatment response. Collectively, these efforts promise important advances as we approach the new millennium.

Every K-trivial set is computable from an incomplete Martin-Löf random set, i.e., a Martin-Löf random set that does not compute the halting problem.

Objective: The Israeli National Health Insurance Law stipulates a National List of Health Services (NLHS) to which all residents are entitled from their HMOs. This list has been updated annually for almost a decade using a structured review and decision-making process. Although this process has been described in detail in previous papers, none of these have fully addressed legitimacy and fairness. We examine the legitimacy and fairness of the process of updating the NLHS in Israel.

Methods: We assessed the priority-setting process for compliance with the four conditions of accountability for reasonableness outlined by Daniels and Sabin (relevance, publicity, appeals, and enforcement). These conditions emphasize transparency and stakeholder engagement in democratic deliberation.

Results: Our analysis suggests that the Israeli process for updating the NLHS does not fulfill the appeals and enforcement conditions, and only partially follows the publicity and relevance conditions, outlined in the accountability for reasonableness framework. The main obstacles for achieving these goals may relate to the large number of technologies assessed each year within a short time frame, the lack of personnel engaged in health technology assessment, and the desire for early adoption of new technologies.

Conclusions: The process of updating the NLHS in Israel is unique and not without merit. Changes in the priority-setting process should be made to increase its acceptability among the different stakeholders.

We prove that degrees that are low for Kurtz randomness cannot be diagonally non-recursive. Together with the work of Stephan and Yu [16], this proves that they coincide with the hyperimmune-free non-DNR degrees, which are also exactly the degrees that are low for weak 1-genericity.

We also consider Low(ℳ, Kurtz), the class of degrees a such that every element of ℳ is a-Kurtz random. These are characterised when ℳ is the class of Martin-Löf random, computably random, or Schnorr random reals. We show that Low(ML, Kurtz) coincides with the non-DNR degrees, while both Low(CR, Kurtz) and Low(Schnorr, Kurtz) are exactly the non-high, non-DNR degrees.

The sul gene of B/rw (Witkin) and 26 independently isolated sul mutants were examined for their suppression of radiation sensitivity. The suppressed lon gene was demonstrated by transducing it into a K12 proC recipient. The sul gene of B/rw and all but one of the B/r mutants was found to be linked to a gene controlling azide resistance. Transduction data established the order of markers as leu azi mutT sul. One B/r mutant was found not transducible with azide resistance, sul mutations were found to suppress the capsular polysaccharide production of lon strains.

Strain Bs8 is a u.v.-sensitive derivative of strain B. It is unable to reactivate irradiated phage (HCR) and it cannot be induced to form filaments. The HCR properties are attributable to a gene, uvr8, cotransducible with gal+. When uvr8 was transduced into radiation-resistant strain B/r the resulting phenotype was indistinguishable from Bs8. When transduced into a lon K-12 strain the phenotype was more sensitive than Bs8, filament-inducible and mucoid. When PI-Bs8 was used to transduce proC+ into a proC K-12 strain, 4% of the transductants were lon, i.e. about as u.v.-sensitive as Ion K-12, filament-inducible and mucoid. Radiation resistance could not be transduced from strain Bs8 with proC+ into a proC lon K-12 derivative. Nor did Bs8 show any evidence of being exr. Bs8 is a double mutant of strain B, behaving as though it were HCE, in a B/r background.

PAM 26, a radiation-sensitive mutant of Escherichia coli strain B, is described. Its properties are attributable to a mutation in a gene, exrB, which is cotransducible with malB. It differs from uvrA (also malB-linked) derivatives of strain B in being sensitive to 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitroso-guanidine and γ-radiation, and in being able to reactivate UV-irradiated phage T3. It differs from exrA (also malB-linked) derivatives of strain B in forming filaments during the course of normal growth as well as after irradiation. When exrB was transduced into a K12 (lon+) strain, filaments did not form spontaneously. Three-point transductions established the order of markers as met A malB exrB. Based on an analysis of the frequency of wild-type recombinants in a reciprocal transduction between exrA and exrB strains, it was inferred that they are not isogenic and that the order of markers is malB exrA exrB.

To test whether exrB, a mutation in Escherichia coli B making this strain sensitive to ultraviolet radiation and unable to divide normally, is dominant to exrB+, merodiploids were constructed by crossing Hfr exrB metA+his × F−malB met A thr proA recA. metA+recombinants were fertile (F′) and sensitive to UV. One of these, F′ exrB proA, was crossed with an F−metA malB thr, selecting for metA+proA+. All such progeny acquiring malB+ were UV-sensitive, fertile and segregated met mal UV-resistant progeny. They were, therefore, meriodiploids, F′ exrB/exrB+. exrB is dominant to exrB+, in which respect it resembles exrA (lex).

The genes responsible for u.v. sensitivity in ten sensitive mutants of E. coli strain B (Bs strains of R. Hill) have been mapped by transduction. The uvr genes of all the mutants able to reactivate u.v.-irradiated phage (HCR+), including Bs2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 and 10, were linked, 50–95%, with malB. The gene of Bs12 (HCR) was also linked to malB as is uvr A. The gene of Bs8 (HCR) was linked to gal, that of Bs3 (HCR) to his. Transduction of mal+ from a strain with uvr A, or a mal+ derivative of Bs12, to Bs2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 or 10, yielded about 30% u.v.-resistant transductants. A mal+ transduction with Bs2 mal+ as donor and other Bs strains as recipients yielded < 0·1% u.v.-resistant transductants. The malB-linked uvr genes of all mutants (except Bs3 and Bs8) were transducible with metA. The quasi-reciprocal crosses and three-point tests suggested the order of markers as metA malB uvr (HCR+) uvr (HCR). The sensitivity gene of Bs9 was exceptional in that it appeared to lie between metA and malB. The sensitivity gene of Bs11 could not be mapped because transductants to that strain were not possible, nor did it act as a recipient in sexual recombinations.