Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) and antidepressant medications are both first-line interventions for adult depression, but their relative efficacy in the long term and on outcome measures other than depressive symptomatology is unknown. Individual participant data (IPD) meta-analyses can provide more precise effect estimates than conventional meta-analyses. This IPD meta-analysis compared the efficacy of IPT and antidepressants on various outcomes at post-treatment and follow-up (PROSPERO: CRD42020219891). A systematic literature search conducted May 1st, 2023 identified randomized trials comparing IPT and antidepressants in acute-phase treatment of adults with depression. Anonymized IPD were requested and analyzed using mixed-effects models. The prespecified primary outcome was post-treatment depression symptom severity. Secondary outcomes were all post-treatment and follow-up measures assessed in at least two studies. IPD were obtained from 9 of 15 studies identified (N = 1536/1948, 78.9%). No significant comparative treatment effects were found on post-treatment measures of depression (d = 0.088, p = 0.103, N = 1530) and social functioning (d = 0.026, p = 0.624, N = 1213). In smaller samples, antidepressants performed slightly better than IPT on post-treatment measures of general psychopathology (d = 0.276, p = 0.023, N = 307) and dysfunctional attitudes (d = 0.249, p = 0.029, N = 231), but not on any other secondary outcomes, nor at follow-up. This IPD meta-analysis is the first to examine the acute and longer-term efficacy of IPT v. antidepressants on a broad range of outcomes. Depression treatment trials should routinely include multiple outcome measures and follow-up assessments.

A critical barrier to generating cumulative knowledge in political science and related disciplines is the inability of researchers to observe the results from the full set of research designs that scholars have conceptualized, implemented, and analyzed. For a variety of reasons, studies that produce null findings are especially likely to be unobserved, creating biases in publicly accessible research. While several approaches have been suggested to overcome this problem, none have yet proven adequate. We call for the establishment of a new discipline-wide norm in which scholars post short “null results reports” online that summarize their research designs, findings, and interpretations. To address the inevitable incentive problems that earlier proposals for reform were unable to overcome, we argue that decentralized research communities can spur the broader disciplinary norm change that would bring advantage to scientific advance. To facilitate our contribution, we offer a template for these reports that incorporates evaluation of the possible explanations for the null findings, including statistical power, measurement strategy, implementation issues, spillover/contamination, and flaws in theoretical priors. We illustrate the template’s utility with two experimental studies focused on the naturalization of immigrants in the United States and attitudes toward Syrian refugees in Jordan.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Children born with a single ventricle congenital heart defect requires three invasive open-heart surgeries in the first three years of life. The third operation, the Fontan procedure, includes connection of the vena cava (VC) to the pulmonary artery (PA) using a bio-inert conduit to reduce work required by the right ventricle (RV). While this operation greatly extends the lives of HLHS patients, the Fontan circuit eventually fails, and the only solution is a scarcely available donor heart. This failed circuit is explained by the “Fontan paradox” where central venous pressures build up over time, causing increased systemic resistance and congestion. The absence of the sub-pulmonary ventricle leads to abnormal hemodynamics associated with life-threatening complications. We believe that decreasing central venous pressures through the use of a tissue engineered contractile, patient specific conduit will decrease the amount and severity of complications caused by the “Fontan paradox.” We will use amniotic fluid derived induced pluripotent stem cells (AF-iPSCs) differentiated into cardiomyocytes (CMs) to generate flow within a biodegradable conduit. Additionally, AF-iPSC will be differentiated into structural support cells (SSCs), including cardiac fibroblasts and epicardium. Several studies suggest advanced contraction and structure of CMs in specific ratios with SSCs, particularly mouse and human fetal fibroblasts. In combination, these cells have shown advanced tissue organization and function through mechanically and electrically aligned junctions. This allows them to have a magnitude higher contractile force than CMs alone, making them ideal for increasing pressure within a tissue engineered construct. This poster focuses on the differentiation and selection of SSCs. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: AF-iPSCs differentiation began at roughly 80% confluency. Mesoderm formation occurred via WNT pathway modulation by supplementing RPMI+insulin media with 0.5 ng/mL BMP4 at day 0, followed by 3 ng/mL BMP4, 2 ng/mL Activin A, and 5 ng/mL BFGF for four days. Then, RPMI+insulin media was supplemented with 10 ng/mL of BMP4 until day fifteen for epicardial formation. Cells were lifted to induce epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and RPMI-insulin media was supplemented with 10 ng/mL BFGF for cardiac fibroblasts. They were then harvested and characterized using immunofluorescence. Planned experiments include RT-qPCR for further characterization of cardiac fibroblasts. Additionally, a fibroblast isolation plating technique will be utilized to obtain cardiac fibroblast from AF-iPSC CMs and AF-iPSC epicardium. Commercially obtained human cardiac fibroblasts will be utilized as a control for all studies. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Immunofluorescence (IF) revealed positive expression of vimentin and α-SMA indicating a fibroblast and vascular smooth muscle phenotype after supplementation with 10 ng/mL of BMP4 after EMT induction. It is expected that IF of epicardial formation at day 15 will show positive expression of WT1, a well-known epicardial marker. We also suspect RT-qPCR will reveal high expression of cardiac fibroblast specific markers COL1A1, PDGFA, TCF21, and THSB1. We expect to yield a higher number of cardiac fibroblast from the small molecule AF-iPSC differentiation compared to a timed plating technique of AF-iPSC CMs and AF-iPSC epicardium (separately plated). Results will be quantified and compared using the aforementioned techniques. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Discussion/significance of impact: Although fibroblasts make up a large portion of cells in the heart and greatly enhance CM function, they are poorly characterized in the literature and not easily obtained. This study will provide an efficiency comparison on the best method for acquiring cardiac fibroblast for cardiac tissue engineering applications as we move forward with translational cardiac pediatric research.

Production timing is an essential element in fresh vegetable growers'efforts to maximize profitability and reduce income risks. The present studyuses biophysical simulation modeling coupled with a dual crop (tomatoes,sweet corn) whole-farm economic formulation to analyze the effects ofgrowers' risk aversion levels and price consideration (seasonal or annualprice consideration) in expected net returns and production practices. Thefindings indicate that consideration of seasonal price trends results inhigher expected net returns and greater opportunities to mitigate risk.Furthermore, risk aversion levels substantially influence production timingwhen seasonal price trends are considered.

Fibrous polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was modified by organometallic vapor exposure to form hybrid materials with unique photoluminescent characteristics. Using a sequential vapor infiltration (SVI) process, the elongated exposures of trimethylaluminum (TMA) to PET were examined. As the infiltration temperature increased, the evidence of changes in the reaction between the organometallic vapor and the polymer was observed as well as significant changes in the infiltration depth into the polymer fiber, owing to the variation in the reaction mechanisms of the hybrid material formation. At TMA exposures of 60 °C, the mass of the polymer fiber increased by ∼55 wt%, whereas exposures at 150 °C were limited to ∼25 wt% infiltration. Photoluminescence analysis of PET after TMA infiltration shows an intensity increase of up to ∼13x and an increase in red shift with increasing infiltration temperature, attributed to the variations in the reaction mechanism to form the hybrid modification observed through the spectroscopy analysis.

The Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) is a high contrast coronagraph designed to directly image exoplanets and circumstellar disks. GPI includes a polarimetry mode designed to characterize dust grains and enhance the contrast of scattered, polarized light by a factor of 100. Reflections and birefringence of optics within the optical train induce a polarization signature that needs to be measured a priori and calibrated out during data reduction. Here we report on the results of an extensive laboratory characterization campaign of the polarimetry mode. The linear instrumental polarization has been measured in 4 GPI passbands and found to be between 3.5 ± 0.3 % at 1.0 micron and 1.1 ± 0.3 % at 2.0 microns. Modulation efficiency has been measured to be 94% at 1.0 micron increasing to 97% at 2.0 microns. Stability has been shown to better than 0.6% over timescales of ~ 3 months and over cool down cycles. The tests show that GPI passes all polarimetry design requirements and should be able to measure circumstellar disk linear polarization to 1% accuracy.

Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) radical anions will react with tetrahydrofuran and generate ethylene, enolates, and a partially hydrogenated nanotube backbone. The experimental evidence suggests that there are sp3 C–H binding interactions. The total gravimetric content of hydrogen on a sample averages from 3.5% to 3.9% w/w, about four times the total amount observed for nanotubes hydrogenated via traditional Birch reduction reactions. Furthermore, the hydrogen desorbs at temperatures up to 400 °C less than those observed for the hydrogenated SWNTs formed after the Birch reduction. Finally, the first room temperature electron spin resonance spectrum of a nanotube radical ion is also reported.