OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The Title V Project at the Medical Sciences Campus aims to expand the knowledge in Clinical and Translational Research (CTR) and diversify the CTR workforce throughout Puerto Rico. A Pilot Project Program (PiP) offers research training for Undergraduate students (UgS), Graduate Students (GS), and Undergraduate program Faculty (UgF). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Since 2021, the Title V Project has established a rolling application process to which researchers from any scientific background related to CTR in all post-secondary institutions in Puerto Rico may submit research proposals. These are peer-reviewed considering the following criteria: the research team composition must include UgS, GS, and UgF; the primary researcher’s expertise; the significance of the proposed topic related to Puerto Rico’s health problems; and the research plan’s quality. In addition, proposals must include a career plan for student and faculty members to participate in further training in CTR-related topics, such as scientific communication and statistical analyses, also offered through the Title V program. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Twelve (12) PiP research teams showcase diversity in research areas with representation from Nursing, Occupational Therapy, Cancer, Cell Biology, Microbiology, Anatomy and Medical Images, Electro-Chemistry, Anatomy, and Physiology. In addition, Pip’s team members represent eleven (11) different institutions across seven different geographical areas, whose complete profiles we delineate in the presentation. Teams have the participation of twelve (12) primary researchers, five (5) mentors, twelve (12) UgF, seventeen (17) UGs, four (4) medical students in different stages, and nine (9) GS. We will present the composition, research topics, development, and participants' feedback. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: The PiP program has been instrumental in organizing interdisciplinary and interinstitutional research teams. It has proven to be an effective strategy for fostering inclusion, diversity, and equity in CTR and promotes the practice of team science. Teams' research responds to health issues in this Hispanic population.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The Title V Coop developed CRESCO, a physical and virtual space in the libraries of the two cooperating institutions. Adopting a flexible and transformational approach, it offers services to support the development of research and information skills of undergraduate students and faculty who receive clinical-translational research (CTR) training. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Since 2016, CRESCO has been staffed by a multidisciplinary team composed of three librarians, a statistician, an instructional designer, and an IT specialist. The physical facilities of the two libraries were remodeled and equipped, and a central portal was created to provide services and access to resources on a 7/24 basis. Online tutorials, workshops, and mentoring services have been offered that address topics in statistics, literature search, plagiarism, and the use of several research software. Services statistics are collected, and a questionnaire is administered to evaluate the workshops. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The main results include 12 online tutorials created in CTR areas and available in the CRESCO hub portal; 14,660 mentoring/consultations offered in statistics, the use of research-related software, and the search for scientific literature search; and 6 online workshops created in CTR areas, with 463 attendees. When evaluating online workshops, participants considered that their acquired learning was high or extremely high on the following topics: use of Intellectus Statistics (88%, n = 96); selection of statistical tests (81%, n = 92); use of Turnitin (85%, n = 76); literature search (91%, n = 58); and citations and references in Mendeley (90%, n = 67). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: These results suggest that the flexible, multidisciplinary, and transformational approach of CRESCO has been successful in helping undergraduate students and faculty develop the skills necessary to conduct CTR projects.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Research Education Towards Opportunities (RETO) Mentoring Offering Training Opportunities for Research (MOTOR) 1 – 2 and the elective courses (INTD 5998/ MDCL 101) in CTR of Title V Coop were designed to provide the participants from higher education institution (HEI) in Puerto Rico (PR), interdisciplinary – interprofesional knowledge in CTR. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Since April 2017, Research Education Towards Opportunities (RETO) and Mentoring Offering Training Opportunities for Research (MOTOR) 1 - 2 trainings were offered as part of the Title V Coop. In addition, since January 2020, as part of the institutionalization of the trainings in CTR, two elective courses (INTD 5998 and MDCL 101) were created-offered. The trainings/courses present the main concepts underlying CTR performance through lectures, workshops and presentations, in hybrid modalities, as well as the services-resources of the Center Research Education and Science Commnunication Opportunities (CRESCO). These programs have given students (undergraduate and graduate) and faculty the opportunity to get started in CTR and to integrate in Clinical and Translational Mentoring Teams (CTMT). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Eight (8) cycles of RETO-MOTOR 1 and seven (7) cycles of RETO-MOTOR 2; two sessions of INTD 5998 and one session of MDCL 101 were offered. The RETO-MOTOR 1 training was completed by 219 participants and RETO-MOTOR 2 by 130 participants. The INTD 5998 course was completed by 22 students and the MDCL 101 course by 18 students. A total of 389 participants have been initiated in the CTR. Of the trainings, 90% indicated that the knowledge acquired in CTR was invaluable, 85% understand that the most significant achievement, as students, was present at a scientific conference, and 100% indicated interest in continuing to do CTR. Of the courses, 100% indicated that they were a good learning experience, helped them increase their knowledge in CTR, met their expectations and would recommend other students to take the course. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: The RETO-MOTOR 1, RETO-MOTOR 2 trainings and CTR courses provide a based of research knowledge and valuable interprofessional experience for those who whish to start in the clinical and translational research. The Title V Cooperative Project provides this opportunity to undergraduate and graduate students such as faculty of HEI in PR.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Diversity and interdisciplinarity are required for successful and transformational CTR. The Title V Coop developed a training curriculum for underrepresented in CTR health professions faculty and students, successfully integrating them in CTR teams. The curriculum exposed students to theory and then a practicum. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The curriculum and practicum included basic aspects of training in research including responsible conduct of research and the design of a proposal. The practicum focused on the organizing of a research team identified as a Clinical and Translational Mentoring Team (CTMT) and the implementation of the proposed project. Emphasis was placed on the importance of the mentor-mentee relationship, including peer mentoring. Participants were recruited from across all post-secondary institutions in Puerto Rico emphasizing the participation of faculty(UgF) and students (UgS) from undergraduate programs in health professions and the participation of graduate students GS) as peer mentors. Research mentors for each of the CTMTs were selected from faculty members that are established researchers. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Twenty-seven (27) proposals from the CTMTs were approved. A total of one hundred and eight (108) participants were or are still engaged in the proposed research. Thirty-four faculty (34) members participated as mentors and three (3) peer reviewed publications have been done. Health professions and science fields represented by the participants include: Nursing, radiology technician, audiologist, medical students, basic science in biology or chemistry, public health and industrial microbiology among others. We will showcase the diversity in research topics and teams composition and their accomplishments. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: The Title V Coop has been successful in integrating individuals from academic programs underrepresented in research into interdisciplinary and interprofessional research teams, launching a model for diversity and interdisciplinarity and representation of health professionals at all levels of research.

ABSTRACT IMPACT: This presentation highlights an integrated curriculum in CTR and a scientific entrepreneurship approach to entice and support students and faculty in HP programs into CTR and SE thus expanding the pool of new minority CTR researchers. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: To present the TVMSC as a hub for trainings, mentoring programs, courses, entrepreneurship and support activities for health professionals(HP) and HP students :graduate (GS) and UgS and UgF. Responding to the need for CTR minority researchers, in a virtual setting due to COVID-19 crisis. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: TVMSC will offer an educational program based in the Center for Research,Entrepreneurship and Scientific Collaboration (CRESCO) with on line courses and workshops in CTR and SE, for HP and students and a continued education curriculum for HP and clinician scientists toward a certification in CTR. Two hands-on experiences: a) a Pilot project program(PiP) with teams composed of an F, that previously completed training cycles and a research experience from a previous project in CTR as PI, with a research mentor and students or an established researcher as a PI with UgS and UgF, and b) participation in a SE team which will engage in training and submission of an SE project proposal. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: By the end of the five-year period the project will have had 200 UgS, 200 GS and 200 F that received online assistance in CTR skills, statistics and SE; 48 UgS and 48 GS with the skills in SEFL. In curricular development the project expects to have 6 online tutorials created, one FLSE online course and 18 modules in CTR content areas available for continued education of HP. Certifications in CTR will be completed by 160F/HPs. The expected participation in CTR on-hands experiences is 32 F, 64 students and 32 established researchers. PiP teams will publish at least 8 scientific papers and SEFL teams will submit at least 5 SE project proposals and 100% increase in CRESCO web based resources DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: This Project and its expected results will provide students and faculty members island-wide with the knowledge, skills and experiences in CTR with IE approach to foster the expansion of a cadre of Hispanic minority CTR researchers in direct benefit of the health of the people of Puerto Rico.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: To assess the impact of FLTCs on CTR on S and F from health professions and basic science academic programs island wide in Puerto Rico. Cycles supported by the Title V Cooperative Project at University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus (UPRMSC) and Universidad Central del Caribe (UCC)(Title V). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: After offering FLTCs in CTR to S and F from UPRMSC and UCC, Title V expanded it to S and F from other institutions island wide in PR. These FLTCs were offered the 2nd semester of 2018 and consisted of 20 hours of interdisciplinary sessions in: introduction to and definition of CTR; preparation of a CTR-presentation; how to interview/share a presentation of a CT researcher and to prepare a research question in CTR. To assess the knowledge of S and F in the above-mentioned skills and their continuation in the 2nd level of CTR training, surveys were administered: pre-test, at the beginning, post-test, sometime during the FLTCs, and satisfaction at the end of the FLTCs. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Fifty eight (58) S/F from UPRMSC, UCC and 7 other institutions participated. Forty two (42,72%) answered a pre-test and 31/42 (74%) completed the post-test. Results showed that S/F: who correctly defined CTR increased from 7% to 77 %; their ability to identify a CT researcher increased from 10% to 83%. Fifty five percent (55 %) (21/38) S/F that were certified in the FLTCs, answered the satisfaction survey. One hundred percent (100%) indicated that the materials offered contributed in the identification of a CT researcher and a topic in CTR; 100% answered that the FLTCs contributed higher knowledge in and provided new skills in CTR. Moreover, 31/38 (82%) S/F started the 2nd level of training. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The FLTCs were successful in increasing S/F knowledge of CTR and to further engage in 2nd level of trainings. Title V impact extended island wide, increasing the diversity of represented health professions and science fields among participants. The interventions were deemed to be of high quality.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The Title V Cooperative Project between the University of Puerto Rico- Medical Sciences Campus (UPR-MSC) and Universidad Central del Caribe (UCC) has trained US, GS and F (participants) of HSPs to engage them in CTR. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: First stage of the training sessions (TS) dealt with the theory of CTR. After TS and responding to their research interests, as answered in a questionnaire, the participants formed a CTMT, under the mentorship of a well-established CT researcher. This, as a prelude to their hands-on experiences in Intensive Development and Experiences in Advancement of Research and Increased Opportunities (IDEARIO), for which a research proposal is needed. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Five (5) CTMTs were formed in different research areas – cardio, neuro, liver, renal, Zika–, as submitted in their research concept papers.Eight (8) CT researchers are currently mentoring 2 US, 7 GS and 6 F of HSPs through the CTMTs. They have submitted a research proposal, as a bridge between the theory in the TS and the practice in IDEARIO. Five (5) proposals were received and 2 of them approved, while the other 3 are in the evaluation process. We will present the composition, research topics, development of research and the feedback of participants in IDEARIO and CTMTs. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The CTMTs and their respective proposals are effective strategies for the mentoring of US, GS and F in CTR.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The Title V Cooperative Project of the UPR-MSC and UCC has demonstrated that educational interventions in CTR are very effective in fulfilling the objective of promoting awareness, stimulate interest and increase the knowledge, skills and opportunities, to US, GS and F (participants) in CTR. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The training sessions (TS) offered through the Title V initiative have become an engine for the involvement in CTR for participants from higher education institutions island-wide. TS consisted of cycles –level 1 and 2–: Research Education Towards Opportunities (RETO,I,II) and Mentorship Offering Training Opportunities for Research (MOTOR,I,II), ending in the formation of the Clinical and Translational Mentoring Teams (CTMT)s, in which participants, paired by their research interests, were mentored by a well-established CT researchers in their research project, to be developed in the Intensive Development and Experiences in Advancement of Research and Increased Opportunities (IDEARIO). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Up to date, 4 TS-level 1 and 2 TS-level 2 were offered. Eighty (80) participants completed level 1, distributed: 42 (52.5%) US in RETO, 21 (26.25%) GS and 17 (21.25%) F in MOTOR and 17 participants completed level 2, distributed: 4 (23.52%) US in RETO, 6 (25.29%) GS and 7 (41.17%) F in MOTOR. From which, 15, with 8 CT researchers, formed 5 CTMTs in different research areas – cardio, neuro, liver, renal, Zika–. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: US, GS and F were integrated in the active process throughout educational levels for their development in CTR.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Responding to the need and interest of students and faculty of the UHSP in learning about CTR, the Title V Cooperative Project between UPR-MSC and UCC, developed and offered a training cycle (TC) in CTR. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Undergraduate students (US), undergraduate faculty (UF), and graduate students (GS) were invited to register in: Research Education Towards Opportunities (RETO) and Mentorship Offering Training Opportunities for Research (MOTOR), which consisted of 20 hours of training in CTR, with interdisciplinary sessions in: Introduction and preparation of a presentation in CTR; Identify, interview and share a presentation of a CT researcher; participation in conferences and a summer camp in CTR. At the end of the TC, surveys—satisfaction and needs assessment—for training in CTR were administered. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Thirty-three (33) registered in the TC, distributed: 13 (39.39%) US in RETO, 12 (36.36%) GS and 8 (24.24%) UF in MOTOR. Of these, 25 (75.75%) answered and submitted the on-line surveys and received a completion certificate. All (100%) were satisfied with the TC, and for 96% of the respondents, their expectations were fulfilled, and will continue in the TC. They selected critical review, scientific communication, and cultural diversity as thematic areas of interest. In addition, 60% of them selected neuroscience, cancer and medical imaging as main research areas of interest. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The TC demonstrated to be an effective strategy to provide new knowledge, experiences, and interest in CTR. It also established a pathway for future engagement in CTR.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus and Universidad Central del Caribe, through the Title V Cooperative Project, devised a clinical and translational research (CTR) platform to pipeline students/faculty of undergraduate health sciences programs into CTR. Educational interventions in CTR—introductory intervention (II) and Annual Symposium (AS)—were designed to promote awareness, stimulate interest of students and faculty in CTR. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: In the II the participants (n=159) were surveyed before and after a presentation and panel discussion about CTR. In addition, after the sessions—plenary, panel, and workshop—about CTR, the participants of AS (n=42) were surveyed for satisfaction and learning experience in CTR. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Most participants of the II, 134 (84.3%) were students. In total, 58 (58, 36.5%) completed the post II survey. Of these, 53.4% satisfactorily defined the CTR concept Versus only 31.0% that could define CTR in the pre survey, 47 (81.7%) were unable to identify a CTR researcher and 45 (78.3 %) expressed interest in learning about CTR. In total, 28 (28, 66.7%) participants of the AS completed the satisfaction survey, out of which 17 (60.6%) were students. One hundred percent (100%) agreed that the AS served as a vehicle to increase their knowledge in CTR. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The educational interventions demonstrated to be an effective strategy to promote awareness and stimulate interest of students and faculty in CTR. In addition, the results obtained, provided valuable baseline information for the planning—development of training cycles in CTR.

We inferred millennial-scale climate variations and paleohydrological conditions in the northern sector of the American tropics for 30.3–5.5 cal ka BP using geochemical characteristics of sediments from Lake Chalco in central Mexico. The sediment sequence is chronologically constrainedwith three tephra and nine radiocarbon dates. Temporal variations in titanium, total inorganic carbon, total organic carbon/titanium ratio, carbon/nitrogen ratio, and silica/titanium ratio indicate changes in runoff, salinity, productivity, and sources. Higher concentrations of Ti indicate more runoff during latest Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 (30.3–28.6 cal ka BP). Runoff was lower during the last glacial maximum (LGM; 23–19 cal ka BP) than during the Heinrich 2 event (26–24 cal ka BP). The interval of reduced runoff continued up to 17.5 cal ka BP but increased during the Bølling/Allerød. Trends of decreasing runoff and increasing salinity are observed throughout MIS 1. Lake Chalco received less runoff during the LGM compared to deglaciation, opposite the trend of other North American tropical records. Different amounts of rainfall at different sites are possibly due to shifts in the position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, changes in the size of the Altlanticwarmpool, and varying sea-surface temperatures of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans

Pollen analysis on a 9.54-m sediment core from lake Chignahuapan in the upper Lerma basin, the highest intermontane basin in Central Mexico (2570 m asl), documents vegetation and limnological changes over the past ∽23,000 14C yr. The core was drilled near the archaeological site of Santa Cruz Atizapán, a site with a long history of human occupation, abandoned at the end of the Epiclassic period (ca. 900 AD). Six radiocarbon AMS dates and two well-dated volcanic events, the Upper Toluca Pumice with an age of 11,600 14C yr B.P. and the Tres Cruces Tephra of 8500 14C yr B.P., provide the chronological framework for the lacustrine sequence. From ca. 23,000 14C yr B.P. to ca. 11,600 14C yr B.P. the plant communities were woodlands and grasslands based on the pollen data. The glacial advances MII-1 and MII-2 correlate with abundant non-arboreal pollen, mainly grasses, from ca. 21,000 to 16,000 14C yr B.P., and at ca. 12,600 14C yr B.P. During the late Pleistocene, lake Chignahuapan was a shallow freshwater lake with a phase of lower level between 19,000 and 16,000 14C yr B.P. After 10,000 14C yr B.P., tree cover in the area increased, and a more variable lake level is documented. Late Holocene (ca. 3100 14C yr B.P.) deforestation was concurrent with human population expansion at the beginning of the Formative period (1500 B.C.). Agriculture and manipulation of the lacustrine environment by human lakeshore populations appear at 1200 14C yr B.P. (550 A.D.) with the appearance of Zea mays pollen and abundant charcoal particles.

This will be the last triennial report from Commission 50 under that label, because of the reorganization of the IAU at the end of the triennial period. Fortunately, site protection was recognized as an important ongoing function of the IAU, and the work of the Commission is continuing as Commission C.B7. The Commission has its primary association with Division B because of the technical aspects of its work and association with ground-based facilities, while it has the support of Division C as an Inter-Division Commission because of the strong need for educating the public on the issues.

This article reviews the arguments that support the approach regarding the ‘inflationary’ influence of the negative affectivity (NA) trait, or neuroticism, on relationships between perceived stress (e.g. different means of self-report of psychosocial stress such as major life events or daily stress) and subjective physical health (e.g. somatic symptomatology, health complaints). It has been explained that the said inflationary effect could distort the interpretation of the results that are found if it is done in terms of stress-objective health relationships (known in terms of health behavior, biological markers, morbidity and mortality) and that, in this sense, the NA would be a contaminant. This is why it has been suggested that in these cases, the effect of NA on predictor and criterion relationships should be controlled. The present critical review doesn't support these conclusions. Also, this paper deals with the empirical analysis of some matters that refer to one of the arguments mentioned, namely that NA is a general and penetrating factor that impregnates perceived stress (we will focus on daily stress or hassles) and subjective health measures (we will focus on somatic symptoms), as well as its relationships. We also analyze the role of positive affectivity (PA). The empirical analysis carried out uses a combination of within and interindividual methods. Contrary to the hypothesis regarding the moderating effects (specifically, inflationary) of NA on relationships between daily stress and somatic symptomatology, NA has only presented direct significant effects on both variables (between subjects), while its moderating effects are modest and non-significant. However, PA appears not to have any direct significant effects, but it does have moderating effects (specifically, buffering effects). Finally, we discuss the implications of these findings and we make some suggestions for future research.