A wave of recent research challenges the role of regime type in international relations. One striking takeaway is that democratic and autocratic leaders can often achieve similar levels of domestic constraint, which in many issue areas results in similar international outcomes—leading many to question traditional views of democracies as distinctive in their international relations. In this review essay, we use recent contributions in the field to build what we call a “malleable constraints” framework, in which all governments have an institutionally defined default level of domestic audience constraint that is generally higher in democracies, but leaders maintain some agency within these institutions and can strategically increase their exposure to or insulation from this constraint. Using this framework, we argue that regime type is still a crucial differentiator in international affairs even if, as recent studies suggest, democratic and autocratic leaders can sometimes be similarly constrained by domestic audiences and thus achieve similar international outcomes. This framework helps reconcile many competing claims in recent scholarship, including the puzzle of why autocracies do not strategically increase domestic audience constraint more often. Just because autocracies can engage audience constraints and democracies can escape them does not mean that they can do so with equal ease, frequency, or risk.

The human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, is currently being actively studied by molecular biologists. It is hoped that the use of recombinant DNA techniques in this area will give new insights into the biology of the organism and, at the same time, provide new approaches to diagnosis and vaccine development.

Our own studies employ the blood stages of the parasite and cover three main areas: enzymes of importance in parasite metabolism; antigens of potential use in a subunit vaccine; and repetitive DNA as a probe able to distinguish genetically different isolates of P. falciparum and as a species-specific diagnostic tool in human and mosquito infections.

Micro-scale woven structures were replicated 3 dimensionally by conformal coating onto natural woven cotton using a binary reaction of trimethylaluminum and water at 100°C. Even after the woven cotton was removed at 450°C, the woven structures completely remained. Results demonstrate the capability of ALD to penetrate into the complex 3D network structure of natural woven cotton to form uniform coating at low temperature and give insight into general understanding of methodology to translate deposition processes from 2D surface to a 3D network to obtain a uniform coating throughout the sample network bulk. It also shows the possibility of replication of micro-scale structures from highly conformal coatings to give the unique synthesis root of hollow structures.

Throughout his career, Philip C. Jessup was passionately committed to the use of law and diplomacy for the peaceful settlement of international disputes. He provided a generation of leadership in the wide and difficult endeavor that he characterized as “transnational law”—by which he meant to emphasize the importance of a wider storehouse of rules and avoidance of the dogmas and fictions associated with traditional international law.

Litigation of contentious cases before the International Court of Justice has in some instances been a lengthy and comparatively expensive procedure. However, it is not necessarily the Court or its procedure that produces this situation, because governments parties to litigation sometimes feel it is important to retain a number of advocates to plead, and they agree on comparatively long periods for the preparation of written pleadings. Comparing this procedure with ad hoc arbitration before a referee and two arbitrators, the latter looks comparatively swift and inexpensive. However, there are as yet unused possibilities for the International Court to adjudicate cases on a basis comparable in time and expense to ad hoc arbitration. The use of the Court for what might be less important cases would also contribute to its institutional development.