In the past decade there has been a rapid increase in gender diversity, particularly in children and young people, with referrals to specialist gender clinics rising. In this article, the evolving terminology around transgender health is considered and the role of psychiatry is explored now that this condition is no longer classified as a mental illness. The concept of conversion therapy with reference to alternative gender identities is examined critically and with reference to psychiatry's historical relationship with conversion therapy for homosexuality. The authors consider the uncertainties that clinicians face when dealing with something that is no longer a disorder nor a mental condition and yet for which medical interventions are frequently sought and in which mental health comorbidities are common.

A rainfall simulator was used to deliver the equivalent of 1.3 cm of water in 0.25 h at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after POST applications of asulam to johnsongrass in greenhouse and field studies. Johnsongrass control responses were similar when asulam was applied with either a crop oil concentrate or a commercially blended organosilicone/crop oil concentrate premix. Rainfall 24 h after asulam application reduced johnsongrass control in greenhouse studies. Maximum visual johnsongrass control of 80, 69, and 69% was obtained in field studies when rainfall occurred 20, 14, and 8 h after asulam application, respectively. Based on reductions in johnsongrass dry weight, rainfree periods needed to insure maximum performance with asulam in field studies ranged from 3 to 16 h. Variation in critical rainfree periods was related to plant growth stage when asulam was applied and environmental conditions and is indicative of the inconsistency in johnsongrass control commonly observed with asulam.

Glyphosate and adjuvant combinations were applied to rhizome johnsongrass at vegetative and reproductive growth stages to evaluate control and rainfastness in field studies. Using a rainfall simulator delivering 1.3 cm of water in 15 min, plots received either no rainfall or rainfall 15 or 60 min after glyphosate was applied at 2.1 kg ai/ha in combination with the nonionic surfactants Kinetic® HV at 0.25% (v/v) or Induce® at 1.0% (v/v) or the silicone surfactant Break-Thru® at 0.125% (v/v). Regardless of adjuvant, rainfall 15 or 60 min after application reduced johnsongrass control compared with no rainfall. Johnsongrass control 14 d after treatment at the reproductive stage was at least 89% with no rainfall, but no more than 53 and 65% with rainfall at 15 and 60 min, respectively. Based on initial weed control, adjuvants did not consistently improve rainfastness. Johnsongrass regrowth did not occur when glyphosate was applied with either adjuvant. In contrast, for glyphosate applied to johnsongrass in the vegetative stage, addition of Break-Thru improved control over Induce at both 15- and 60-min rainfall timings in one of two experiments. With no rainfall, addition of Kinetic HV and Break-Thru increased johnsongrass control in only one experiment. For application at the vegetative stage, johnsongrass regrowth averaged across rainfall timings was no more than 10%. In other field experiments, glyphosate at 1.4 kg/ha plus nonionic surfactants, silicone surfactant, crop oil concentrate, methylated seed oil, or a blend of silicone surfactant and methylated seed oil were equally effective in reducing johnsongrass regrowth when applied after seedhead emergence. Improved control of vegetative johnsongrass with some adjuvants was not reflected in decreased regrowth.

Asulam applied POST alone and in mixtures with residual herbicides and with DSMA and MSMA was evaluated for johnsongrass control. Johnsongrass control following treatment with asulam at 3.7 kg ai ha−1 was not improved by tank mixtures with the residual herbicides atrazine, metribuzin, pendimethalin, and terbacil compared with asulam applied alone. Johnsongrass injury symptoms appeared sooner when asulam was applied in mixtures with either DSMA or MSMA, but johnsongrass control 4 wk after treatment was similar to asulam applied alone. As a result of the johnsongrass control obtained with early POST treatments of asulam applied alone, cane and sugar yields were increased by 56 and 58%, respectively, when compared with the weedy check. Additional cane and sugar yield increases were not obtained by any of the asulam mixtures because johnsongrass control was not improved. Asulam applied again in May to johnsongrass regrowth improved late-season control in two of the three studies over a single early POST application, but cane and sugar yields were not increased.

Sulfometuron at 17 g ai/ha in the planting furrow (13% of the anticipated fallow-field application rate) inhibited sugarcane emergence and development and ultimately reduced sugar yields in the initial production year by 13% when compared to a weed-free control that contained no herbicide in the planting furrow. Residual levels of metribuzin in the planting furrow representing 100% of the standard fallow-field application rate of 1,680 g ai/ha had no adverse effect on sugarcane development or sugar yield. When applied only to the soil surface immediately after planting, sulfometuron did not injure sugarcane, and sugar yields were equivalent to standard, at-planting, preemergence (PRE) applications of either metribuzin at 2,020 g/ha or a mixture of pendimethalin plus atrazine each at 2,240 g ai/ha. To minimize sugarcane injury, sulfometuron should be kept out of the germinating zone of lateral buds along planted sugarcane stalks.

Based on bermudagrass ground cover 2 wk prior to sugarcane planting, tillage plus glyphosate applied postemergence sequentially at 3.4 followed by 2.2 kg ai/ha or a single application at 3.4 kg/ha during the summer fallow period was more effective than tillage alone. Effectiveness of tillage was enhanced when less rainfall was received during the summer fallow period the first year. Rainfall of less than 1 cm 20 d after preemergence application of sulfometuron at 0.2 kg ai/ha in June resulted in 100% bermudagrass ground cover the first year compared with 37% the second year with 15 cm of rainfall during the same period. Terbacil applied after sugarcane planting and metribuzin applied in February resulted in bermudagrass ground cover in May or June of 62% (experiment 1) and 2% (experiment 2) when sulfometuron was used during the fallow period, but no more than 5% when terbacil and metribuzin followed glyphosate plus tillage or tillage alone. In most cases, bermudagrass ground cover at that time was greater when the same glyphosate/tillage treatments were followed by atrazine after planting and pendimethalin plus atrazine in February compared with terbacil after planting and metribuzin in February. When after-planting and February herbicide treatments were applied, sugarcane stalk population, height, and yield each was equivalent regardless of the previous fallow treatment.

Field studies were conducted over 3 yr to evaluate rhizome johnsongrass control with asulam applied POST at 3.7 kg ai/ha 3 d before fertilization (DBF) or 0, 3, 7, 10, or 14 d after fertilization (DAF). Liquid fertilizer (18-6-12) was applied with injector knives at 0, 112, or 224 kg N/ha 5 cm on each side of a 60-cm line of rhizome johnsongrass present on 1.8-m-wide conventional sugarcane beds. Johnsongrass response to timing of asulam application after fertilization varied among years but was not affected by fertilizer rate. Johnsongrass control with asulam applied 3 DBF was greater than applications made 0, 3, or 7 DAF. With one exception, differences in johnsongrass control following fertilization and asulam application times were also reflected in the biomass of treated johnsongrass and its regrowth harvested 6 and 10 wk after asulam application, respectively. Reduced johnsongrass control associated with asulam application following fertilization was related to stress from root/rhizome injury during fertilizer placement rather than the quantity of fertilizer applied.

Field studies were conducted to evaluate weed control with combinations of glyphosate at 750 g ae/ha and the insecticides acephate (370 g ai/ha), dicrotophos (370 g ai/ha), dimethoate (220 g ai/ha), fipronil (56 g ai/ha), imidacloprid (53 g ai/ha), lambda-cyhalothrin (37 g ai/ha), oxamyl (280 g ai/ha), or endosulfan (420 g ai/ha) and insect control with coapplication of the herbicide with insecticides acephate, dicrotophos, dimethoate, and imidacloprid. Applying lambda-cyhalothrin or fipronil with glyphosate reduced control of hemp sesbania by 19 and 9 percentage points, respectively, compared with glyphosate alone. Acephate, dicrotophos, dimethoate, imidacloprid, lambda-cyhalothrin, oxamyl, and endosulfan did not affect hemp sesbania, pitted morningglory, prickly sida, and redweed control by glyphosate. Lambda-cyhalothrin and fipronil did not affect glyphosate control of weeds other than hemp sesbania. Addition of glyphosate to dicrotophos improved cotton aphid control 4 d after treatment compared with dicrotophos alone. Thrips control was improved with addition of glyphosate to imidacloprid. Insect control was not reduced by glyphosate regardless of insecticide.

Field studies investigated possible interactions associated with early-season coapplication of the herbicide pyrithiobac and various insecticides. Pyrithiobac at 70 g ai/ha, in combination with the insecticides acephate or dicrotophos at 370 g ai/ha, fipronil at 56 g ai/ha, imidacloprid at 52 g ai/ha, lambda-cyhalothrin at 37 g ai/ha, or oxamyl, carbofuran, or dimethoate at 280 g ai/ha did not reduce cotton leaf area, height, main stem node number, main stem nodes to first square, days to first square or flower, main stem nodes above white flower, or seed cotton yield compared with pyrithiobac alone. Pyrithiobac alone reduced dry weight of pitted morningglory, hemp sesbania, prickly sida, velvetleaf, and entireleaf–ivyleaf morningglory 28 d after treatment (DAT) 86, 98, 51, 94, and 91%, respectively, and weed control was not affected by the coapplication of insecticides. Control of thrips (adult plus larvae) 5 DAT with insecticides was unaffected by pyrithiobac addition at the P = 0.05 level of significance. At the P = 0.1 level, however, addition of pyrithiobac to dimethoate resulted in a reduction in insecticide efficacy in one of three experiments. Efficacy of other insecticides was unaffected.

Laboratory and greenhouse studies were conducted to determine if the reported red morningglory control failures with atrazine in sugarcane are caused by triazine-resistant mutants. Plants were grown from seeds collected at 24 locations in Louisiana and Arkansas where atrazine had never been used, and where it had been used in sugarcane with poor results. Terminal fluorescence of leaf material from all locations increased after treatment with 10−3 M atrazine, indicating electron transport inhibition and, hence, triazine susceptibility. However, small differences in the magnitude of fluorescence increase were observed among populations, possibly indicating the existence of biotypes with slightly different inherent tolerances to atrazine. Some phenotypic differences were observed among the red morningglory populations. In a separate study, postemergence application of atrazine at 1.1 kg ai/ha plus nonionic surfactant controlled greenhouse-grown plants from all populations at least 99%, which supports the findings of the fluorescence assay. This research was unable to verify that reduced red morningglory control with atrazine was the result of an altered binding site mutation, even in populations exposed to atrazine annually for more than 10 yr. Other factors should be evaluated to determine their impact on atrazine performance.

This study extends the joint estimation of revealed and stated preference data literature by accounting for truncation in the revealed preference data. The analytical model and estimation procedure are used to estimate the value of recreational red snapper fishing in the Gulf of Mexico. This recreational red snapper valuation is decomposed into its direct and indirect components. As expected, the value of recreational red snapper fishing using the joint revealed-stated preference model proposed in this analysis is bracketed on the upper limit by the value obtained using the contingent valuation method and on the lower limit by the travel cost method. The results also indicate that the joint model improves the precision of estimated recreational red snapper valuation.

Nest predation can threaten marine turtle nesting success, and having to address dissimilar predator species complicates nest protection efforts. On Florida's Keewaydin Island predation by raccoons Procyon lotor and invasive feral swine Sus scrofa are disparate, significant threats to marine turtle nests. Using 6 years of nesting data (mostly for loggerhead marine turtles Caretta caretta) we examined the impacts of swine predation on nests and the benefits of swine eradication, caging nests to protect them from raccoon predation, and the effects of nest caging on swine predation. Nest predation by swine began in mid nesting season 2007, after which swine quickly annihilated all remaining marine turtle nests. During 2005–2010 raccoon predation rates for caged nests (0.7–20.4%) were significantly lower than for uncaged nests (5.6–68.8%) in every year except 2009, when little raccoon predation occurred. The proportions of eggs lost from raccoon-predated nests did not differ between caged and uncaged nests. Caging did not prevent destruction by swine but median survival time for caged nests was 11.5 days longer than for uncaged nests, indicating that caged eggs in nests have a greater chance of hatching before being predated by swine. The financial cost of the eradication of swine greatly outweighed the value of hatchlings lost to swine predation in 2007.