George L. Cowgill had a major influence on the study of the ancient city of Teotihuacan and the development and promotion of quantitative methods in archaeology. His wit, teaching, and research influenced many in the profession. We draw on two published autobiographical works (Cowgill 2008a, 2013a), some unpublished autobiographical notes (Cowgill 1983), his many publications, and our own associations with George.

Root and foliar absorption and translocation of 14C-metribuzin [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one] were determined in tolerant (‘Steptoe’) and susceptible (‘Morex’) barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars grown in nutrient solution culture under greenhouse conditions. Root-applied metribuzin toxicity to the two barley cultivars was also examined. A 50% reduction in growth occurred at 0.22 and 0.72 μM metribuzin for Morex and Steptoe, respectively. Root absorption was similar for both cultivars at 1 day, but Steptoe absorbed about two times more metribuzin 4 and 8 days after application than did Morex. Steptoe absorbed 19% of the total applied metribuzin by 8 days. Root absorption was positively correlated with water uptake (r≥ 0.87). Leaf absorption was three times greater for Morex than for Steptoe after 4 days. Transport to leaves from root application was rapid, and, by 1 and 8 days, leaves of Steptoe contained 71 and 82% and leaves of Morex 78 and 84% of the total absorbed 14C, respectively. Translocation was apoplastic following both root and leaf absorption and was similar for both cultivars. Differential tolerance could partially be accounted for by differences in foliar absorption but not by differences in root absorption.

Response of ‘Dixie’, ‘Lemondrop’, ‘Multipik’, ‘Superpik’, and ‘Seneca Prolific’ summer squash to halosulfuron PRE or POST at 0.036, 0.053, and 0.072 kg ai/ha, or halosulfuron PRE fb halosulfuron POST at 0.018 fb 0.018, 0.027 fb 0.027, and 0.036 fb 0.036 kg/ha was field evaluated in 1997 and 1998. All halosulfuron treatments and rates reduced the height of cultivars 17–19% at 6 WAP (weeks after planting) and summer-squash injury (chlorosis and necrosis of crop foliage) was 6, 14, and 11% from halosulfuron PRE, POST, and PRE fb POST, respectively. Early summer-squash flowering was reduced 32–82% by halosulfuron, resulting in reduced early yields. Dixie was the cultivar most tolerant to halosulfuron. Early flowering of Dixie was reduced 32–36% compared to 32–82% for the other cultivars. Marketable yield of summer squash was reduced 20–30% by all rates of halosulfuron when averaged over all application timings. Marketable yield of Seneca Prolific, Superpik, Dixie, Multipik, and Lemondrop was reduced 0–17% by halosulfuron PRE. Halosulfuron POST or PRE fb POST reduced marketable yield of all summer-squash cultivars by 25–46%. Thus, summer squash was not tolerant of POST halosulfuron; however, Dixie, Multipik, Seneca Prolific, and Superpik exhibited tolerance to halosulfuron PRE.

Development of transparent electrodynamic screens (EDS) printed on ultrathinflexible glass film substrates for retrofitting on solar panels and solarmirrors to perform self cleaning function is reviewed. Large-scale solar plantsare generally installed in semi-arid and desert areas where dust layers build upon solar collectors causes major energy-yield loss. Maintaining designed plantcapacities requires more than 90% reflectivity for CSP mirrors and 90%transmission efficiency for PV modules; solar collectors must therefore becleaned at a frequency depending on the rate of dust deposition. Scarcity ofwater in these regions requires a cleaning method that drastically reduces oreliminates water and the associated labor costs for high efficiency operation oflarge-scale solar plants. An EDS film consists of rows of interdigitated,transparent conducting parallel electrodes embedded within a flexible ultrathinglass film and an optically clear adhesive film used for retrofitting the filmon the surface of solar collectors. When phased voltage pulses activate theelectrodes, the dust particles are first electrostatically charged, thenrepelled and removed from the surface of the solar collectors by Coulomb force,restoring transmission efficiency greater than 90%. The electrodes of EDS areeither made from silver nanowire or another conductive transparent materialprinted on a highly transparent, ultrathin (100-μm thick), flexibleborosilicate glass film. Applications of different conducting transparentelectrodes and methods of printing are reviewed for optimizing self-cleaningfunction of solar panels and mirrors.

A 76-year-old male with a severely deforming rheumatoid arthritis, eosinophilic!, polymyositis, and episcleritis developed a transient tonic pupil. The episcleritis, and a muscle biopsy revealing an occlusive arteritis with eosinophilia, suggest that a widespread rheumatoid arteritis caused a reversible ischemic insult to the ciliary ganglion and thus created a transient denervation of the pupil.

The life history of a tortricid cone moth Choristoneura lambertiana subretiniana Obraztsov in California is described. The larvae feed primarily on staminatc flowers and cones of lodgepole pine although some needle- and tip-mining occurs. The only other recorded host is ponderosa pine.

Eggs are deposited in late July to early August; first-instar larvae migrate from the needles to protected locations on the branches and spin hibernacula. The larvae overwinter predominantly as second-instar larvae in the hibernaculum. They emerge from the hibernacula in April, and mature in four to six weeks. There are six larval instars. The pupal period lasts approximately two weeks; adult emergence begins in mid-July and extends through the end of August.

The Neodiprion sawfly studied in this investigation is an undetermined species which attacks sugar pine, Pinus lambertiana Dougl., in California. The conditions of the infested area were particularly suitable for an investigation of some of the basic factors affecting distribution of cocoons on the ground. The efforts of previous workers (Prebble, 1943; Ives and Turnock, 1959) were complicated by dense stand conditions and deep, variable pound cover. The sawfly discussed here was found in considerable numbers on an isolated, young sugar pine at Grass Valley, California. The tree was 19 feet high, 16 vears old, with s diameter of 5.5 inches. The infestation was presumed to be recent as no effect on diameter growth was found, even though the tree possessed only the current year's foliage. The ground cover was extremely sparse and the soil was a compacted, sandy-clay, typical of many foothill areas in California.

General.—The purpose of this paper is to analyse a sampling method devised to assess larval populations in an outbreak of the lodgepole needle miner, Recurvaria milleri Busck (Busck 1914, Hopping 1945).

The problem of developing an adequate sampling method is intimately concerned with the life-history of the insect, the region of the outbreak and the nature of the forest stand in which the outbreak occurs. In sampling most defoliator populations the problem is made more difficult by external feeding and wandering habits, hence it is usually done in some relatively inactive stage at a fixed time. de Gryse (1934) describes the problems inherent in sampling these insects. The needle miner, however, is fixed in its location for most of its life-cycle and is therefore readily obtainable for study. The problem here is reduced to a statistical one, that of obtaining an acceptable sample i.e. within suitable error limits with due regard for existing variables.

Sterilization of male and female Ips confusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) exposed to gamma radiation (Co60) as newly emerged adults was almost complete at levels exceeding 7500 r and 10,000 r, respectively. Mating behavior of males as expressed by sperm transfer was unaffected by dosages up to 60,000 r. The capacity of beetles of either sex to establish galleries was not affected significantly below this dosage, but female gallery pattern was altered above 15,000 r. Longevity was reduced at levels greater than 5000 r. LD50 for males occurred at 11.5 days at 7500 r and 29 days in the controls. Mortality of progeny resulting from males irradiated at substerilization levels was higher than in the controls. The dosage to achieve significant population reduction with minimum effect on longevity and other biological activity is estimated to lie between 6000 and 7500 r.

These studies indicate that this sterilization technique may have promise in the control of bark beetles. The necessity for rearing large numbers on artificial media could be circumvented by mass trapping utilizing their natural sex attractant and by mass rearing in cut host material in the laboratory.

Pissodes terminalis Hopping attacks the terminal leaders of jack pine and at least two of the four geographic subspecies of lodgepole pine. The development on Pinus contorta murrayana in central California is described and compared with the development on jack pine in Canada. The oviposition period is synchronized with leader elongation, early spring to mid-summer. Feeding of the first three instars is in the phloem-cambial region and the fourth (last) instar is found in the pith. Part of the population completes development in late summer; adults emerge and presumably overwinter in the ground. The balance overwinter usually as mature larvae and occasionally as pupae, completing their development in the spring.

Mortality is high and is caused by feeding of associated insects, possibly resin flow, high parasitism and other unknown factors. Seven parasite species from five families were reared.

Ips calligraphus (Germar) is distributed continentally throughout North America, including Guatemala and British Honduras. It has been collected on only rare occasions in California, primarily in the central Sierra Nevada Mountains. Four generations were observed during 1961 and 1962, and average summer development required about 40 days. All stages except the egg were observed in the winter. The unique gallery system exhibits four to six egg galleries, which range in length from 25.4 to 38.1 cm, and radiate characteristically from a large, irregular, nuptial chamber excavated by the male. At Grass Valley, Cal., this bark beetle was observed breeding predominantly in the thick-barked portions of the lower bole. Its galleries are often intermixed with those of Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte, I. confusus LeConte, I. latidens LeConte, and Melanophila californica Van Dyke in ponderosa pine. I. confusus was the most abundant species of Ips in all localities where I. calligraphus was found.

Egg distribution on a ponderosa pine 14 feet tall of a species of sawfly in the Neodiprion fulviceps complex is presented. Females prefer to oviposit on current year’s foliage. There was no consistency in position of egg cluster on the needle, length of needle, age or size of branch, vertical position in the tree or number of eggs per cluster in needles of different age. Oviposition was highest on south, southeast and east vectors of the tree. Two needles per fascicle were used more often on one-year-old foliage than on current foliage.

General. The life history of the lodgepole needle miner in Yosemite National Park, California, has been described (24). The Canadian outbreak was discovered in 1942 but intensive investigations were not commenced until 1948. Many differences have been noted between the Canadian and Californian life histories since the discovery of the outbreak.

It is the purpose of this paper to bring together all information collected by the author and staff of the Laboratory of Forest Zoology at Calgary, Alberta, concerning the life history of the lodgepole needle miner in the Canadian Rocky mountains.

In the Canadian Rocky Mountain National Parks, the lodgepole needle miner has a two-year life cycle, so that larvae of each generation are exposed to two successive winters. Although there is no doubt that mortality of these over-wintering larvae is directly attributable to a period of low temperature, there has been some doubt as to whether the bulk of the mortality occurs during the coldest part of the winter, or whether it occurs during periods of low temperature during the late autumn or early spring. Although spring and autumn mortality undoubtedly take place, estimation of the relative importance of mortality during the various seasons must await successive sampling throughout the three seasons. Nevertheless, in the absence of such data, we wish to present evidence that points to the major importance of the weather of the coldest month of the winter to not only the amount but also the vertical distribution of larval mortality.

Blood samples were taken each week from 30 individually-reared heifer calves between 1 and 13 weeks of age and analysed for packed cell volume, blood glucose and Hb; and serum albumin, urea-nitrogen, total protein, inorganic phosphate, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe and total iron-binding capacity. All calves were weaned by 6 weeks of age, and were fed ad libitum.

There were significant changes (P < 0·001) in blood concentrations with age for most constituents. Concentrations of albumin and Fe increased and of K decreased steadily over the whole of the period. Glucose and total iron-binding capacity concentrations decreased until about the 6th week of life and then increased.

There were significant correlations (P < 0·05) for both the calves' weight gain and their feed intake from 6 to 13 weeks with the mean concentrations of glucose, inorganic phosphate, Na, albumin and total iron-binding capacity over the same period. Weight gain during this period was also correlated with serum Fe concentration. When weight gains were adjusted for the feed intake, the correlations between weight gain and the concentrations of all blood constituents became insignificant.

There was a significant correlation (P < 0·05) between weight gain after 6 weeks of age and Hb concentration before 6 weeks. However, when weight gain was adjusted for birth weight, this correlation became insignificant.

Relaxation techniques have been widely used in kinetic studies of chemical reactions in homogeneous solution (Eigen & DeMayer, 1963). The principle of this method is well known: an external variable such as temperature or pressure is suddenly changed and the time course of a state parameter of the system such as concentration is recorded as it approaches a new steady value. Relaxation techniques can also be used for studying the rate of elementary processes in membranes. This method has proved particularly useful for the investigation of ion transport systems (ion carriers, channels, pumps) in artificial planar bilayer membranes. In this review we describe different relaxation techniques which have been developed for this purpose during the last years, as well as applications to a number of ion transport systems.

Nineteen language-impaired (LI) and 20 language-normal (LN) children participated in an on-line word-monitoring task. Words were presented in lists and in sentences readily comprehended by younger children. The sentences were unaltered, tow-pass filtered, and time- compressed. Both groups had shorter mean response times (MRTs), but lower accuracy, for words in sentences than words in lists. The LI children had significantly longer MRTs under sentence conditions and lower accuracy overall than the LN children. Filtering had an adverse effect upon accuracy and MRT for both subject groups. Time compression did not, suggesting that the reduction in high-frequency information and the rate of presentation exert different effects. Subject differences in attention, as well as in linguistic competence and motor control, may have influenced word-monitoring performance.