Recently, it is proven that positive harmonic functions defined in the unit disc or the upper half-plane in $\mathbb{C}$ are contractions in hyperbolic metrics [14]. Furthermore, the same result does not hold in higher dimensions as shown by given counterexamples [16]. In this paper, we shall show that positive (or bounded) harmonic functions defined in the unit ball in $\mathbb{R}^{n}$ are Lipschitz in hyperbolic metrics. The involved method in main results allows to establish essential improvements of Schwarz type inequalities for monogenic functions in Clifford analysis [24, 25] and octonionic analysis [21] in a unified approach.

Let $\Omega \subset \mathbb {R}^{n+1}$, $n\ge 2$, be a $1$-sided nontangentially accessible domain, that is, a set which is quantitatively open and path-connected. Assume also that $\Omega $ satisfies the capacity density condition. Let $L_0 u=-\mathop {\operatorname {div}}\nolimits (A_0 \nabla u)$, $Lu=-\mathop {\operatorname {div}}\nolimits (A\nabla u)$ be two real (not necessarily symmetric) uniformly elliptic operators in $\Omega $, and write $\omega _{L_0}, \omega _L$ for the respective associated elliptic measures. We establish the equivalence between the following properties: (i) $\omega _L \in A_{\infty }(\omega _{L_0})$, (ii) L is $L^p(\omega _{L_0})$-solvable for some $p\in (1,\infty )$, (iii) bounded null solutions of L satisfy Carleson measure estimates with respect to $\omega _{L_0}$, (iv) $\mathcal {S}<\mathcal {N}$ (i.e., the conical square function is controlled by the nontangential maximal function) in $L^q(\omega _{L_0})$ for some (or for all) $q\in (0,\infty )$ for any null solution of L, and (v) L is $\mathrm {BMO}(\omega _{L_0})$-solvable. Moreover, in each of the properties (ii)-(v) it is enough to consider the class of solutions given by characteristic functions of Borel sets (i.e, $u(X)=\omega _L^X(S)$ for an arbitrary Borel set $S\subset \partial \Omega $).

Also, we obtain a qualitative analog of the previous equivalences. Namely, we characterize the absolute continuity of $\omega _{L_0}$ with respect to $\omega _L$ in terms of some qualitative local $L^2(\omega _{L_0})$ estimates for the truncated conical square function for any bounded null solution of L. This is also equivalent to the finiteness $\omega _{L_0}$-almost everywhere of the truncated conical square function for any bounded null solution of L. As applications, we show that $\omega _{L_0}$ is absolutely continuous with respect to $\omega _L$ if the disagreement of the coefficients satisfies some qualitative quadratic estimate in truncated cones for $\omega _{L_0}$-almost everywhere vertex. Finally, when $L_0$ is either the transpose of L or its symmetric part, we obtain the corresponding absolute continuity upon assuming that the antisymmetric part of the coefficients has some controlled oscillation in truncated cones for $\omega _{L_0}$-almost every vertex.

Let E and D be open subsets of $\mathbb {R}^{n+1}$ such that $\overline {D}$ is a compact subset of E, and let v be a supertemperature on E. A temperature u on D is called extendable by v if there is a supertemperature w on E such that $w=u$ on D and $w=v$ on $E\backslash \overline D$. From earlier work of N. A. Watson, [‘Extendable temperatures’, Bull. Aust. Math. Soc. 100 (2019), 297–303], either there is a unique temperature extendable by v, or there are infinitely many; a necessary condition for uniqueness is that the generalised solution of the Dirichlet problem on D corresponding to the restriction of v to $\partial _eD$ is equal to the greatest thermic minorant of v on D. In this paper we first give a condition for nonuniqueness and an example to show that this necessary condition is not sufficient. We then give a uniqueness theorem involving the thermal and cothermal fine topologies and deduce a corollary involving only parabolic and coparabolic tusks.

It is shown that the Dirichlet problem for the slab $\left( a,\,b \right)\,\times \,{{\mathbb{R}}^{d}}$ with entire boundary data has an entire solution. The proof is based on a generalized Schwarz reflection principle. Moreover, it is shown that for a given entire harmonic function $g$ , the inhomogeneous difference equation $h\left( t\,+\,1,\,y \right)\,-\,h\left( t,\,y \right)\,=\,g\left( t,\,y \right)$ has an entire harmonic solution $h$ .

In this paper, we present accurate and economic integration quadratures for hypersingular functions over three simple geometric shapes in ℝ 3 (spheres, cubes, and cylinders). The quadrature nodes are made of the tensor-product of 1-D Gauss nodes on [–1,1] for non-periodic variables or uniform nodes on [0,2π] or [0,π] for periodic ones. The quadrature weights are converted from a brute-force integration of the hypersingular function through interpolating the smooth component of the integrand. Numerical results are presented to validate the accuracy and efficiency of computing hypersingular integrals, as in the computations of Cauchy principal values, with a minimum number of quadrature nodes. The pre-calculated quadrature tables can be then readily used to implement Nyström collocation methods of hypersingular volume integral equations such as the one for Maxwell equations.

In this paper we present the basic tools of a fractional function theory in higher dimensions by means of a fractional correspondence to the Weyl relations via fractional Riemann–Liouville derivatives. A Fischer decomposition, Almansi decomposition, fractional Euler and Gamma operators, monogenic projection, and basic fractional homogeneous powers are constructed. Moreover, we establish the fractional Cauchy–Kovalevskaya extension (FCK extension) theorem for fractional monogenic functions defined on ℝd . Based on this extension principle, fractional Fueter polynomials, forming a basis of the space of fractional spherical monogenics, i.e. fractional homogeneous polynomials, are introduced. We study the connection between the FCK extension of functions of the form xPl and the classical Gegenbauer polynomials. Finally, we present an example of an FCK extension.

In this paper, we study the selectivity of the potassium channel KcsA by a recently developed image-charge solvation method (ICSM) combined with molecular dynamics simulations. The hybrid solvation model in the ICSM is able to demonstrate atomistically the function of the selectivity filter of the KcsA channel when potassium and sodium ions are considered and their distributions inside the filter are simulated. Our study also shows that the reaction field effect, explicitly accounted for through image charge approximation in the ICSM model, is necessary in reproducing the correct selectivity property of the potassium channels.

In this paper, we will present a high-order, well-conditioned boundary element method (BEM) based on Müller's hypersingular second kind integral equation formulation to accurately compute electrostatic potentials in the presence of inhomogeneity embedded within layered media. We consider two types of inhomogeneities: the first one is a simple model of an ion channel which consists of a finite height cylindrical cavity embedded in a layered electrolytes/membrane environment, and the second one is a Janus particle made of two different semi-spherical dielectric materials. Both types of inhomogeneities have relevant applications in biology and colloidal material, respectively. The proposed BEM gives condition numbers, allowing fast convergence of iterative solvers compared to previous work using first kind of integral equations. We also show that the second order basis converges faster and is more accurate than the first order basis for the BEM.

We prove that, in a setting of local Dirichlet forms on metric measure spaces, a two-sided sub-Gaussian estimate of the heat kernel is equivalent to the conjunction of the volume doubling property, the elliptic Harnack inequality, and a certain estimate of the capacity between concentric balls. The main technical tool is the equivalence between the capacity estimate and the estimate of a mean exit time in a ball that uses two-sided estimates of a Green function in a ball.

Let $h_{\vee }^{\infty }\,\left( \text{B} \right)$ and $h_{\vee }^{\infty }\,\left( \text{B} \right)$ be the spaces of harmonic functions in the unit disk and multidimensional unit ball admitting a two-sided radial majorant $v\left( r \right)$ . We consider functions $v$ that fulfill a doubling condition. In the two-dimensional case let

$$u\left( r{{e}^{i\theta }},\xi\right)\,=\,\sum\limits_{j=0}^{\infty }{\left( {{a}_{j0}}{{\xi }_{j0}}{{r}^{j}}\,\cos \,j\theta \,+\,{{a}_{j1}}{{\xi }_{j1}}{{r}^{j}}\,\sin \,j\theta\right)}$$

where $\xi \,=\,\left\{ {{\xi }_{ji}} \right\}$ is a sequence of random subnormal variables and ${{a}_{ji}}$ are real. In higher dimensions we consider series of spherical harmonics. We will obtain conditions on the coefficients ${{a}_{ji}}$ that imply that $u$ is in $h_{\vee }^{\infty }\,\left( \text{B} \right)$ almost surely. Our estimate improves previous results by Bennett, Stegenga, and Timoney, and we prove that the estimate is sharp. The results for growth spaces can easily be applied to Bloch-type spaces, and we obtain a similar characterization for these spaces that generalizes results by Anderson, Clunie, and Pommerenke and by Guo and Liu.

We determine the best constants ${{C}_{p,\infty }}$ and ${{C}_{1,p}},\,1\,<\,p\,<\,\infty $ , for which the following holds. If $u,v$ are orthogonal harmonic functions on a Euclidean domain such that $v$ is differentially subordinate to $u$ , then

$${{\left\| v \right\|}_{p}}\le {{C}_{p}}{{,}_{\infty }}{{\left\| u \right\|}_{\infty }},\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,{{\left\| v \right\|}_{1}}\le {{C}_{1,p}}{{\left\| u \right\|}_{p}}.$$

In particular, the inequalities are still sharp for the conjugate harmonic functions on the unit disc of ${{\mathbb{R}}^{2}}$ . Sharp probabilistic versions of these estimates are also studied. As an application, we establish a sharp version of the classical logarithmic inequality of Zygmund.

It is shown that if ϕ denotes a harmonic morphism of type Bl between suitable Brelot harmonic spaces X and Y, then a function f, defined on an open set V ⊂ Y, is superharmonic if and only if f ∘ ϕ is superharmonic on ϕ–1(V) ⊂ X. The “only if” part is due to Constantinescu and Cornea, with ϕ denoting any harmonic morphism between two Brelot spaces. A similar result is obtained for finely superharmonic functions defined on finely open sets. These results apply, for example, to the case where ϕ is the projection from ℝN to ℝn (N > n ≥ 1) or where ϕ is the radial projection from ℝN \ {0} to the unit sphere in ℝN (N ≥ 2).

A multiple-image method is proposed to approximate the reaction-field potential of a source charge inside a finite length cylinder due to the electric polarization of the surrounding membrane and bulk water. When applied to a hybrid ion-channel model, this method allows a fast and accurate treatment of the electrostatic interactions of protein with membrane and solvent. To treat the channel/membrane interface boundary conditions of the electric potential, an optimization approach is used to derive image charges by fitting the reaction-field potential expressed in terms of cylindric harmonics. Meanwhile, additional image charges are introduced to satisfy the boundary conditions at the planar membrane interfaces. In the end, we convert the electrostatic interaction problem in a complex inhomogeneous system of ion channel/membrane/water into one in a homogeneous free space embedded with discrete charges (the source charge and image charges). The accuracy of this method is then validated numerically in calculating the solvation self-energy of a point charge.

For a subfunction u, associated with the stationary Schrödinger operator, which is dominated on the boundary by a certain function on a cone, we generalise the classical Phragmén-Lindelöf theorem by making an a-harmonic majorant of u.

This paper describes – in terms of potential-theoretic properties – the necessary and sufficient conditions required for a bounded domain satisfying the capacity density condition to be, respectively: a John domain, a uniform domain and an inner uniform domain.

We study Toeplitz operators on the harmonic Bergman spaces on bounded smooth domains. Two classes of symbols are considered; one is the class of positive symbols and the other is the class of uniformly continuous symbols. For positive symbols, boundedness, compactness, and membership in the Schatten classes are characterized. For uniformly continuous symbols, the essential spectra are described.

This paper shows that some characterizations of minimally thin sets connected with a domain having smooth boundary and a half-space in particular also hold for the minimally thin sets at a corner point of a special domain with corners, i.e., the minimally thin set at $\infty$ of a cone.

We prove a topological restriction on the support of Sobolev functions.

In this note we extend subharmonic functions defined on closed sets.

Let (X, ν, d) be a homogeneous space and let Ω be a doubling measure on X. We study the characterization of measures μ on X + = X x R + such that the inequality , where q < p, holds for the maximal operator Hvf studied by Hörmander. The solution utilizes the concept of the “balayée” of the measure μ.