Depression in cancer patients is a common condition that poses significant challenges for prognosis, treatment adherence, and quality of life. Its onset reflects the interplay of diverse biological, psychological, and social factors, which has been the focus of numerous studies.

We identified both systematic and non-systematic reviews examining cross-sectional or prospective studies reporting associations between DAFs and depression. We extracted data relative to DAFs, as well as the direction and statistical significance of the reported association. Consistency of findings was assessed by estimating the proportion of concordant studies (PCS) for each DAF. Methodological quality and risk of bias were assessed using a standardized tool.

We identified 73 reviews (26 systematic and/or meta-analyses, 47 narrative) encompassing 514 unique primary studies, reporting the associations between depression and 198 distinct DAFs. DAFs were grouped into six domains (sociodemographic, cancer-related, somatic, psychological, biological-genetic, and other). The strongest associations (PCS ≥ 75% and ≥5 studies) were observed for sociodemographic factors (e.g., high social support, being unmarried), inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNF-α, CRP), psychological factors (e.g., history of depression, distress, anxiety), and somatic factors (e.g., fatigue, low functional status, malnutrition). When restricting analyses to prospective studies, consistent associations emerged for cancer-related physical symptoms and time dedicated to patient communication.

Depression in cancer is multifactorial, with physical and psychosocial factors likely iteracting dynamically. Prospective studies are still greatly needed. Further research on risk and protective factors may facilitate risk stratification, early diagnosis and patient management.

Early prediction of depressive and anxiety disorders is challenging due to substantial heterogeneity in risk pathways. Conventional machine-learning models trained on aggregated populations may obscure subgroup-specific mechanisms and limit interpretability for prevention. We evaluated whether a hybrid unsupervised–supervised framework can identify meaningful subgroups and yield more interpretable risk prediction.

We analyzed cohort data of 15,897 Japanese adults who completed baseline (August–September 2020) and 6-month follow-up (February–March 2021) surveys and did not screen positive for depressive and anxiety disorders at baseline (K6 score < 13). Using 169 baseline demographic, psychosocial, lifestyle, and behavioral variables, we performed hierarchical clustering to derive data-driven subgroups. Within each cluster, we trained Random Forest models to predict incident screened depressive and anxiety disorders at follow-up (K6 ≥ 13) and interpreted predictors using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP).

The overall 6-month incidence was 6.23%. A five-cluster solution revealed two high-risk subgroups: an older-adult profile with poor quality of life (12.9%) and a working-parent profile characterized by work–family overload (29.8%). Compared with a global model trained on the full sample, the cluster-then-predict framework showed broadly similar overall performance but performed better in the highest-risk subgroup and revealed more differentiated predictor profiles. Loneliness, health-related quality of life, happiness, and personality traits predominated in clusters with moderate adversity, whereas lifestyle disruption (sleep, diet, and irregular routines) characterized the high-risk late-life subgroup and alcohol dependence and work–family burden characterized the high-risk working-parent subgroup.

Addressing risk-factor heterogeneity before prediction may enable more interpretable, context-tailored prevention strategies.

The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated psychological distress, but limited information is available on the shifts in mental health symptoms and their associated factors across different stages. This study was conducted to more reliably estimate shifts in mental health impacts and to identify factors associated with symptoms at different pandemic stages.

We performed a national repeated cross-sectional study at stable (2021), recurrence (2022), and end-of-emergency (2023) stages based on representative general national population with extensive geographic coverage. Anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and insomnia symptoms were evaluated by GAD-7, PHQ-9, IES-R and ISI scales, respectively, and their associated factors were identified via multivariable linear regression.

Generally, 42,000 individuals were recruited, and 36,218, 36,097 and 36,306 eligible participants were included at each stage. The prevalence of anxiety, depression and insomnia symptoms increased from 13.7–16.4% at stable to 17.3–22.2% at recurrence and decreased to 14.5–18.6% at end of emergency, while PTSD symptom continuously increased from 5.1% to 7.6% and 9.2%, respectively (all significant, P < 0.001). Common factors associated with mental health symptoms across all stages included centralized quarantine, frontline work and residence in initially widely infected areas. Centralized quarantine was linked to anxiety, depression, PTSD and insomnia during the stable, recurrence and end-of-emergency stages. Frontline workers exhibited higher risks of anxiety, depression and insomnia throughout these stages. Individuals in initially widely infected areas were more likely to experience depression and PTSD, particularly during the stable and recurrence stages. Stage-specific risk factors were also identified. Lack of outdoor activity was associated with anxiety, depression and insomnia during the stable and recurrence stages. Residents in high-risk areas during the recurrence stage correlated with increased anxiety and insomnia. Suspected infection was tied to anxiety and insomnia in the recurrence and end-of-emergency stages, while the death of family or friends was linked to PTSD during recurrence and to depression, PTSD and insomnia at the end-of-emergency stage.

Mental health symptoms increased when pandemic recurred, and could remain after end-of-emergency, requiring prolonged interventions. Several key factors associated with mental symptoms and their variations were identified at different pandemic stages, suggesting different at-risk populations.

Primary pulmonary vein stenosis is a rare congenital heart condition and carries a poor prognosis. Various surgical techniques have been introduced to treat primary pulmonary vein stenosis. However, there is no consensus on the optimal approach. This study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of surgical treatment of primary pulmonary vein stenosis, identify the risk factors for pulmonary vein restenosis and reintervention, and determine the optimal strategy for primary pulmonary vein stenosis repair.

From December 2008 to December 2023, 64 patients with primary pulmonary vein stenosis undergoing surgical repair in our institution were included [non-sutureless group, n = 42; sutureless group, n = 22]. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to identify risk factors for pulmonary vein restenosis and pulmonary vein restenosis-related reintervention.

There were three in-hospital deaths and one late death. The survival rates at 1, 5, and 15 years were 91.9%, 84.2%, and 69.8%, respectively, in the whole cohort. Compared with the non-sutureless group, the sutureless group did not significantly improve the long-term survival of primary pulmonary vein stenosis patients (P = 0.484). Pulmonary vein restenosis occurred in 15 patients. Multivariable analysis showed that Involvement of the left inferior pulmonary vein (P < 0.001) was the only independent risk factor for pulmonary vein restenosis, while sutureless repair (P = 0.037) was a protective factor. Pulmonary vein restenosis-related reintervention occurred in 12 patients. On multivariate analysis, three or four pulmonary veins involvement (P = 0.001) and preoperative severity score exceeding 5 (P = 0.050) were found to be independent risk factors associated with pulmonary vein restenosis-related reintervention; however, sutureless repair (P = 0.021) was a protective factor.

Management of infants with primary pulmonary vein stenosis is challenging. Surgical repair of primary pulmonary vein stenosis can be safely achieved using different techniques, with similar long-term mortality. Compared with non-sutureless repair, sutureless repair was significantly associated with decreased pulmonary vein restenosis and decreased pulmonary vein restenosis-related reintervention, respectively. Preoperative severity score exceeding 5, 3, or 4 pulmonary veins involvement, and left inferior pulmonary vein involvement are independent risk factors for adverse outcomes.

Depressive disorders pose a significant global public health challenge, yet evidence on their burden remains insufficient.

To report the global, regional and national burden of depressive disorders and their attributable risk factors from 1990 to 2021.

Data from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 were analyzed for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. We explored the age-standardised incidence, prevalence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of depressive disorders by age, gender and sociodemographic index.

In 2021, there were 357.44 million incident cases, 332.41 million prevalent cases and 56.33 million DALYs. Age-standardised rates for incidence, prevalence and DALYs were 4333.62, 4006.82 and 681.14 per 100 000 persons, with annual declines of 0.06%, 0.03% and 0.04%. Uganda, Greenland and Lesotho had the highest prevalence, while Spain, Mexico and Uruguay showed the largest increases. Greenland and Brunei Darussalam had the highest and lowest age-standardised DALYs rates, respectively. DALYs peaked in the 55–59 age group for men and 60–64 for women, with higher rates in women. Regionally, a U-shaped association was found between the sociodemographic index and DALYs rates. Population growth was the main driver for the increase in DALYs cases. Childhood maltreatment was the leading risk factor, with intimate partner violence affecting more females and childhood sexual abuse more males.

Despite decreasing trends in incidence, prevalence and DALYs rates, absolute case numbers and age-standardised rates continue to increase for depressive disorders. Tackling childhood abuse and improving depressive disorder management are crucial to reducing future burdens.

Mpox, a zoonotic disease, has emerged as a significant international public health concern due to an increase in the number of cases diagnosed in non-endemic countries. To support public health response efforts to interrupt Mpox transmission in the community, this study aims to identify epidemiological and clinical aspects of Mpox in Jakarta, Indonesia.

The study collected Mpox data from the Provincial Health Department in Jakarta, Indonesia, from October 2023 to February 2024. This included the symptom characteristics and demographics of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed and PCR-negative Mpox cases, which were then compared using the χ2 test.

Of the PCR-confirmed total of 58 Mpox cases, most were males (96.6%, 56/58). Of these, 67.2% (39/58) reported recent sexual activity within the 21 days prior to the disease onset date, with 41.4% (24/58) reporting only 1 sexual partner during that period. Among PCR-confirmed Mpox cases, common symptoms included fever (81.1%, 47/58), rash (63.8%, 37/58), and lesions (93.1%, 54/58).

The predominance of male Mpox cases indicates transmission within men who have sex with men (MSM) networks, while higher prevalence among individuals with HIV or syphilis is due to shared behaviors, highlighting the need for surveillance, contact tracing, and targeted public health interventions.

Exposure to flood, one of the most widespread disasters caused by natural hazards, increases the risk of drowning. Driving through flooded waterways is a cause of death due to flood-related drowning, especially in flood-prone areas. This study aimed at identifying the risk factors for motor vehicle–related drowning in floods and its prevention strategies.

International and national databases (WOS, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Magiran, and SID) were searched in the time span from 2000 to 2022. The studies investigating the risk factors relevant to land motor vehicle–related drowning in floods and its prevention strategies were included and analyzed using thematic content analysis.

In 14 eligible studies, risk factors for land motor vehicle–related drowning in floods were identified and categorized in 3 subthemes: driver (3 categories: socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge and attitude, and beliefs); technology (1 category: land motor vehicles); and environment (2 categories: physical and socio-economic environment). Physical and structural measures (1 category: road safety improvement) and nonstructural measures (4 categories: research and education and raising awareness, risk management, promoting social-cognitive beliefs, and reconstruction and improvement of legal infrastructure) were proposed as drowning prevention strategies.

The knowledge, attitude, and belief of the driver; the vehicle; and the environment were the most important risk factors of driving through flooded waterways. These factors should be considered when designing programs and physical and structural strategies for future interventions to curb this dangerous and potentially fatal driving behavior.

Individuals at risk for bipolar disorder (BD) have a wide range of genetic and non-genetic risk factors, like a positive family history of BD or (sub)threshold affective symptoms. Yet, it is unclear whether these individuals at risk and those diagnosed with BD share similar gray matter brain alterations.

In 410 male and female participants aged 17–35 years, we compared gray matter volume (3T MRI) between individuals at risk for BD (as assessed using the EPIbipolar scale; n = 208), patients with a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of BD (n = 87), and healthy controls (n = 115) using voxel-based morphometry in SPM12/CAT12. We applied conjunction analyses to identify similarities in gray matter volume alterations in individuals at risk and BD patients, relative to healthy controls. We also performed exploratory whole-brain analyses to identify differences in gray matter volume among groups. ComBat was used to harmonize imaging data from seven sites.

Both individuals at risk and BD patients showed larger volumes in the right putamen than healthy controls. Furthermore, individuals at risk had smaller volumes in the right inferior occipital gyrus, and BD patients had larger volumes in the left precuneus, compared to healthy controls. These findings were independent of course of illness (number of lifetime manic and depressive episodes, number of hospitalizations), comorbid diagnoses (major depressive disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety disorder, eating disorder), familial risk, current disease severity (global functioning, remission status), and current medication intake.

Our findings indicate that alterations in the right putamen might constitute a vulnerability marker for BD.

Head-up tilt test (HUTT) is an important tool in the diagnosis of pediatric vasovagal syncope. This research will explore the relationship between syncopal symptoms and HUTT modes in pediatric vasovagal syncope.

A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of 2513 children aged 3–18 years, who were diagnosed with vasovagal syncope, from Jan. 2001 to Dec. 2021 due to unexplained syncope or pre-syncope. The average age was 11.76 ± 2.83 years, including 1124 males and 1389 females. The patients were divided into the basic head-up tilt test (BHUT) group (596 patients) and the sublingual nitroglycerine head-up tilt test (SNHUT) group (1917 patients) according to the mode of positive HUTT at the time of confirmed pediatric vasovagal syncope.

(1) Baseline characteristics: Age, height, weight, heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and composition ratio of syncope at baseline status were higher in the BHUT group than in the SNHUT group (all P < 0.05). (2) Univariate analysis: Age, height, weight, HR, SBP, DBP, and syncope were potential risk factors for BHUT positive (all P < 0.05). (3) Multivariate analysis: syncope was an independent risk factor for BHUT positive, with a probability increase of 121% compared to pre-syncope (P<0.001).

The probability of BHUT positivity was significantly higher than SNHUT in pediatric vasovagal syncope with previous syncopal episodes.