Durational information provides a reliable cue to the unfolding syntactic structure of a sentence. At the same time, durational properties of speech are largely dependent on predictability: Less predictable elements of an utterance are more carefully articulated, and thus produced more slowly. While these two determinants of duration (structure and predictability) often align, there exists a well-defined exception where the two factors make opposite predictions. We discuss converging evidence for tempo modulation playing a crucial role in the disambiguation of clausal attachment (modifier versus argument), leading to a shorter duration for the less predictable nested structure and a longer duration for the more predictable sisterhood structure. We then present an account of these temporal patterns based on the interaction of independently motivated prosodic principles.

In speech, linguistic information is encoded in hierarchically organized units such as phones, syllables, and words. In auditory neuroscience, it is widely accepted that syllables in connected speech are quasi-rhythmic, and the rhythmicity makes them suitable to be encoded by theta-band neural oscillations. The rhythmicity of phones or words, however, is more controversial. Here, we analyze the statistical regularity in the duration of phones, syllables, and words, based on large corpora in English and Mandarin Chinese. The coefficient of variation (CV) of unit duration is slightly lower for syllables than phones and words, consistent with the idea that syllables are more rhythmic than phones and words, but the difference is weak. The mean duration of phones, syllables, and words matches the timescales of alpha-, theta-, and delta-band neural oscillations, respectively.

Research on speech rhythm over the last decades has led to the widespread application of so-called rhythm metrics in order to empirically quantify variation in timing across languages and dialects. Many of these rhythm metrics are duration-based, such as the standard deviation of vocalic and consonantal interval duration (ΔV and ΔC), respectively, the coefficient of variation of vocalic interval duration (VarcoV), and the normalized pairwise variability index for vocalic intervals (nPVI-V). While these and other duration-based rhythm metrics have been widely used in research, and also tested for their reliability, there are also a number of lesser-used acoustic rhythm metrics. These indices rely solely on measures of variability in pitch, loudness, or factors, or combine them with measures of duration. This chapter discusses which rhythm metrics are available and concludes with practical recommendations for their application (an accompanying Praat script is available at https://osf.io/79qyg/).

Because of advances in technology and the provision of critical care, an increasing number of patients are surviving critical illness; this growing population of survivors of critical illness is characterized by heightened vulnerability to a host of adverse health outcomes and by the development of multidimensional impairments that significantly impact their quality of life and societal participation. Post-intensive care syndrome (PICS) is defined as new or worsening impairments in physical, cognitive, or mental health status arising after a critical illness and persisting beyond acute care hospitalization. PICS-Family describes the psychological and social impairments that family members, loved ones, and caregivers can develop as a consequence of their loved one’s critical illness. Survivors of critical illness are a heterogeneous patient population, and considerable variation exists with respect to the breadth, depth, duration, and mutability of their symptoms and impairments. This chapter explores the clinical manifestations of PICS, its incidence and prevalence, the co-occurrence of impairments in multiple domains, duration and severity of impairments, risk factors for its development, prediction tools, prevention strategies, screening and diagnosis, and treatment options. Additional topics include the biophysical model of disability, functional trajectories following critical illness, and the lack of communication about post-ICU problems.

This chapter examines Augustine’s discussion of time in Book 11. The contrast between eternity, in which there is no succession or change, and time, which is nothing but succession and change, is a crucial first step. Augustine uses this contrast to distinguish between ordinary utterances and God’s creative Word, the coeternal Son. Time is itself created, so there is no sense in asking what God was doing before he created, though Augustine’s understanding of the relationship between time and eternity raises difficult philosophical questions that Augustine himself does not address, though recent philosophers of religion have done so. Augustine appears to hold that only what is (temporally) present exists. The most contentious issue is whether Augustine holds a subjectivist theory of time, and if so, what exactly that theory is. After canvasing the merits of possible answers to that question, the chapter concludes that the most charitable reading is that Augustine “does not seem to offer an account of what time is but instead ‘merely’ offers an aporetic examination of certain puzzles concerning time and our experience of it.” This construal is "entirely in keeping with his frequently open-ended and exploratory manner of philosophical investigation.”

Metrical structure in simplex word forms shows little variation across the continent. Nearly all languages have a primary stress aligned with the left edge of the word or the root. Most departures from this pattern involve the standard factor of non-initial long vowels; initial onsetless syllables can also affect the location of stress. However, there is one factor that is not attested elsewhere: heterorganicity versus homorganicity of codas. Australian languages also typically evince a characteristic pattern whereby morphemes that are polysyllabic behave as prosodic domains and attract initial metrical prominence, regardless of distance from the edge of the word. Such patterns have proven problematic to model in most approaches to the morphology–phonology interface. We also discuss the evidence for stress from instrumental studies and phonological patterns, the evidence for stress as opposed to metrical feet, and the proposed analyses in terms of intonational phrasing as opposed to lexical prominence.

The central component of Suárez’s account of time in DM 50.8-11 is the metaphysical notion of duration understood as permanence in existence and as belonging to every real being in its actual existence. Suárez associates different kinds of duration with the different modes of existence displayed by real beings. The mode of existence relevant to time is that of successive beings: time is the duration of successive things, that is, of change. Suárez’s ambitious project is to offer a “metaphysical deduction” of time from the notion of duration. In this paper I analyze two fundamental aspects of this project: the existence of time and its real identity with change. Suárez emphasizes that both the existence of time and its identity with change can be deduced from general properties of duration. However, he is also very much concerned to show that this deduction does not miss specific features of time.

Having examined dominant statutory reversion mechanisms, this chapter shows why contracts between creators and rightsholders are not adequate repositories for reversion rights. It presents the results of a study into Australian publishing agreements, demonstrating concerning deficiencies in contractual reversion rights. It also presents results from Untapped, a project dedicated to the revitalisation of important pieces of out-of-print literary heritage in Australia. These results show the difficulties of enforcing contractual reversion rights. Cumulatively, the chapter shows that the contractual model cannot be consistently relied on to provide these rights for creators, and thus that models in law should be considered (which is the focus of the next chapter).

Intracultural ethnographic research involves studying the flows of culture(s) in all its different expressions – national, occupational, functional, and so on – as they function, co-evolve, and affect the day-to-day lives of individuals within a single organization. The focus here is on the internal organizational challenges and dynamics that are ubiquitous to such complex cultural contexts as foreign direct investments, cross-national mergers and acquisitions, and international joint ventures. The micro context of these kinds of organizations is in fact the global meeting ground where people experience the everyday challenges of working with diverse Others in today’s culturally complex world. Part I of this book explores the challenges and opportunities facing organizations when there are competing national cultural assumptions around how work is done, language differences, and multiple sources of power and influence.

Chapter 7 explores some ways in which metaphors trauma shape the experience of the self and temporality through examples from refugees and Holocaust survivors. A key function of narrative is organizing the experience of time. Narratives of the self have consequences for the experience time. The discussion distinguishes two meta-narratives of the self in terms of their implicit root metaphors and associated temporalities: the adamantine self, characterized by endurance, integrity, coherence, autonomy, self-definition, self-determination, and self-control; and the relational self, characterized by flexibility, fluidity, sensitivity to context, multivocality, interdependence, and responsiveness. These models of the self are associated with different ideologies and forms of social life that shape trauma memory and experience. They also influence the ways that trauma experience is narrated through personal and collective stories. This occurs in settings that require an attentive listener. The ethics of storytelling has an essential counterpart in the ethics of listening, which involves particular forms of temporality and ways of participating in a cultural community.

This chapter is the heart of the book; it presents comprehensive deterrence theory (CDT), the reconceptualization of classical deterrence theory. It identifies the core principle of CDT, additional principles that flow from consideration of the intrinsic elements, and predictions that can be made based on them. The chapter presents both a set of core theoretical arguments and a wide range of corollaries that predict when and how legal punishment deters. The theory argues that deterrence consists of all eight intrinsic elements that individually and collectively deter crime. An essential insight from CDT is that there is no universal deterrent effect of a given punishment. Rather, deterrence involves contingent effects that depend on the configuration of the intrinsic elements. Because these can vary greatly, so, too, can the effects of punishment. This insight has profound implications for understanding the limited state of research to date, limited generalizability of many extant studies, and ineffectiveness of many policies. It also has implications for understanding how policy could be improved.

This chapter identifies eight intrinsic elements that inhere in all deterrence processes. Identifying the elements is a first step in reconceptualizing deterrence theory. The elements include: (1) costs and rewards of crime and non-crime; (2) interaction of punishment certainty, severity, and celerity; (3) the form of the relationship (e.g., linear or curvilinear) between crime and punishment certainty, severity, and celerity; (4) objective costs and rewards of crime and non-crime, along with perceptions of these costs and rewards; (5) personal and vicarious costs of crime and non-crime; (6) personal and vicarious rewards of crime and non-crime; (7) duration of costs and rewards; and (8) punishment levels, changes, and level–change combinations. As discussed in the chapter, some, but not all, elements have been recognized in prior work. In addition, little consideration has been given to systematically investigating the implications of the intrinsic nature of the elements or how they are involved in deterrence processes.