Human affective science has advanced rapidly over the past decades, emerging as a central topic in the study of the mind. This handbook provides a comprehensive and authoritative road map to the field, encompassing the most important topics and methods. It covers key issues related to basic processes including perception of, and memory for, different types of emotional information, as well as how these are influenced by individual, social, and cultural factors. Methods such as functional neuroimaging are also covered. Evidence from clinical studies of brain disease such as anxiety and mood disorders shed new light on the functioning of emotion in all brains. In covering a dynamic and multifaceted field of study, this book will appeal to students and researchers in neuroscience, psychology, psychiatry, biology, medicine, education, social sciences, and philosophy.

This chapter discusses the relation of global extractivisms to global deforestation, making novel claims about the role of forests in the international system. This is a global, world-ecological analysis of why forests seem to have not mattered in the interstate system and how they are still overlooked in favor of a free flow of commodity trade and interstate competition. The impacts of the world system on forests are explored over the past 5,000 years, focusing especially on the past 550 years. “Epochal moments,” for example, wars or events like the COVID-19 pandemic, are particularly detrimental to retaining the world’s old-growth forests. One should avoid overgeneralizations of how global capitalism or humanity (as the “Anthropocene”) drive deforestation. Thus, the chapter utilizes a long-term, world-system perspective, focusing on how the current structures of the world-system drive deforestation. The chapter uncovers how the nature of the interstate system affects the efforts by global environmental governance and other means to try to curb or control deforestation. This curbing is fundamentally restricted by the lobbying and political power of RDPEs.

Late twelfth and early thirteenth century Christologies took the Lombard’s three “opinions” as their starting place in treating the mode of the union of divinity and humanity in Christ; later scholastic theologians, like Albert the Great, Thomas Aquinas, and John Duns Scotus, would pursue similar questions in terms of his act of existence. This interest in the union of natures in Christ also gave rise to a deepened interest in Christ’s humanity, represented especially in the early Franciscan school and Thomas Aquinas. Finally, Mechthild of Madgeburg and Julian of Norwich represent two medieval Christologies produced beyond a university context.

The journey toward Palestinian Doctors began almost a decade ago, and its intensive writing phase took place during a global pandemic that transformed our generation’s engagement with medicine and disease. The last two years transformed the pace of Palestinian doctors in their nation’s history, as many of them were targeted, incarcerated, or killed during the war on Gaza. At a time of increasing dehumanization, the history of medicine, and the history of Palestinian health and Palestinian medical professionals, more specifically, has a humanizing potential. The history of medicine touches the core of our shared humanity, shared vulnerability, and perpetual efforts to find cures and ease suffering.

Two centuries after independence, is colonialism still a valid explanation for Spanish America’s inequities and lagging economic performance? This chapter makes the case that the legacies of colonialism run at a deeper and much more local level than commonly acknowledged and publicly discussed. In particular, factoring-in the administrative practices of the Spanish Empire reveals how eighteenth-century office-selling undermined local governance in numerous ways: Shaping the spatial distribution of authoritarian and ethnic enclaves; the recurrence of violent conflict in certain areas; and ultimately, the under-provision of public goods leading to subnational differences in living standards we observe today. The chapter also outlines the limits of current explanations – focused on factor endowments, national institutions, or postcolonial state-building – to explain local-level differences. The chapter concludes with a roadmap describing the rest of the book.

This chapter examines the intended and unintended consequences of American hierarchy on partner states. It analyzes the impact of increased state capacity resulting from American economic hierarchy on civil conflict, human rights, democratization, and inequality. The results suggest that economic hierarchy reduces conflict, human rights abuses, and promotes democracy primarily through direct effects rather than via increased state capacity. However, both economic and security hierarchy exacerbate political inequalities. The chapter highlights the complex implications of American hierarchy.

Malcolm X’s prison letters not only chronicle his relationship with his relatives, most significantly with Ella, but also provide a portal through which readers begin to gather some notion of the profound thinker and activist he would become. The letters are a bedrock of his growth and development, a form of self-discovery and rumination that will guide him to a higher level of social and political commitment. The exchange of missives between him and Elijah Muhammad is like a graduate course in history and Black Nationalism, all of which shaped his quest for enlightenment and leadership. Readers get a chance to look over his shoulder as he grapples with his incarceration and how best to use this time to improve himself as a writer, thinker, and debater. In effect, this is the beginning of Malcolm X who would evolve into El Hajj Malik El-Shabazz, an internationalist and spokesperson for the oppressed and marginalized.

This sixth chapter explores issues surrounding collective acts of conscience. Specifically, it focuses on the issue of complicity as well as institutional conscience. Complicity in conscience is a frequent subject of discussion, as many conscience claims, such as referrals of treatment or supervision, rely on notions of complicity. However, complicity in conscience is significantly different from complicity in other areas of law and ethics, and there is insufficient exploration as to why. This chapter provides a firmer grounding for complicity. From there, the chapter moves to a discussion of institutional conscience. The chapter explores the reasons generally used in support of institutional conscience but argues that most do not survive scrutiny. Instead, it claims that institutional conscience does not provide any adequate protection for individual conscience and, instead, often overrides or limits it. It then provides reasons for an alternative view of how institutions ought to engage with conscience.

Peru’s Amazon is the site of a violent and fast-moving gold-mining rush, which has caused divides within Indigenous communities and devastating environmental impacts from the mercury used in gold extractivism. There has been a massive increase in illegal or informal gold mining, especially in Peru’s Madre de Dios province. Tens of thousands of miners operate on rafts in the rivers or dig for gold by increasingly mechanized means. In Madre de Dios there is a gold-mining RDPE that explains the bulk of land and forest use. In addition to an exploration of the dynamics of gold extractivism, this chapter also assesses the conflicts and resistance at play in this context. Indigenous communities, especially in the Amazon, are currently facing huge extractivist pressures, which has started to polarize many communities and change their relationship with the extractivist phenomena. Some community members have started to extract gold illegally and destructively, while most resist these temptations, invoking nonmodernist cosmologies and understandings that place barriers to extractivist expansions.

Verbs are typically the most grammatically complicated and diverse constituents within any clause structure. The information presented in this chapter is not intended to be an exhaustive resource; rather, my goal is to introduce foundational concepts that can support your own research of additional features. The first section introduces tense and aspect, two key types of inflections that occur with verbs, and mood and evidential marking are introduced in the second section. The third section explores negation strategies and auxiliary verbs, while the fourth dives into valency-changing inflections, including the passive voice. By the end of this chapter, you will have made decisions about marking verbs in clause structures and will be able to translate basic clauses into your language.