By focusing on the American Protective Association (A.P.A.), this article demonstrates how anti-Catholicism influenced free labor ideologies and working-class movements during the Gilded Age. The labor movement in the late nineteenth century generally believed that the so-called “dangerous classes” threatened working-class social mobility and economic independence. Religious bigotries, though, often dictated which people and institutions were considered economically dangerous. This article argues that, as anti-Catholic stereotypes collided with emergent anti-monopoly critiques, some working-class reformers saw Catholicism as incompatible with traditional notions of free labor. These reformers embraced anti-Catholic politics and chose to establish, join, or support the A.P.A. Many in the A.P.A. thought Catholic workers lacked the autonomy necessary to be free laborers, leading to intra-union conflict and a distrust of labor organizations with significant Catholic membership. They also charged that the Catholic Church itself opposed free labor and was already profiting off slave labor in institutions like the Houses of the Good Shepherd, a charitable institution, which sought to reform “abandoned women.” Ultimately, the A.P.A. and its anti-Catholic bigotries contributed to the fragmentation of the working class in Gilded Age America in ways that scholars have not yet recognized.

The increasing pollution of water bodies by tetracycline (TC) has emerged as a looming threat to both environmental sustainability and human health, and the development of novel and effective remediation techniques is essential. The purpose of the present research was to explore the potential of montmorillonite (Mnt) and ZnO/Mnt composites as cost-effective and eco-friendly adsorbents for the removal of TC from polluted water sources. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out under controlled laboratory conditions, where adsorption isotherms, kinetic studies, and zero-charge point (pHzcp) determinations were performed systematically to evaluate the performance of ZnO, Mnt, and ZnO/Mnt composites. The results highlighted the underlying importance of surface charge to adsorption by establishing pHzcp for ZnO, Mnt, and the ZnO/Mnt composite. The effects of pH on the surface charge of adsorbents (ZnO, Mnt, and the ZnO/Mnt) and the equilibrium structure of TC were measured systematically and trends that are imperative for understanding the dynamics of adsorption were identified. The removal efficiencies of TC at the optimal pH of 5 were 100% for Mnt, 70% for ZnO/Mnt, and 4% for ZnO. Mnt exhibited the greatest adsorption capacity (125 mg g–1), particularly effective within the pH range of 3–7, demonstrating its strong potential for pollutant removal. However, the ZnO/Mnt composite, although showing a lower adsorption capacity (72 mg g–1), offers additional advantages due to the photocatalytic properties of ZnO. Under light irradiation, ZnO promotes the mineralization of adsorbed TC into harmless products such as CO₂ and H₂O, thereby reducing the risk of secondary pollution. While Mnt alone efficiently captures TC, the lack of degradation may pose environmental challenges. By integrating adsorption with photocatalysis, the ZnO/Mnt composite provides a more sustainable, dual-functional approach, highlighting the significance of coupling pollutant capture with degradation for effective and eco-friendly water treatment.

Given the ubiquity of organizational change, it is fitting that considerable research has focused on employees’ responses to change, much of it collated in review articles. With the aim of integrating this diverse review literature and providing an employee-centric theorization, we provide a meta-review, a systematic review of reviews. We present the meta-construct of employee change orientation (EChO), which aggregates employee responses, attitudes, behaviors, and the associated psychological mechanisms related to organizational change. Our meta-review includes 50 scholarly reviews published between 2001 and June 2025, drawing on 1,606 primary studies. Through a synthesis of these reviews, we present the EChO framework and taxonomy. We identify areas for improvement, particularly for research design, and generate key insights for change practitioners working with employees experiencing change. Our meta-review contributes by clarifying well-researched areas, extending theorizing, and highlighting the need for further research to understand how employee responses to change influence outcomes.

This article examines white Americans’ concern about jazz dancing around the turn of the twentieth century. Drawing from primary sources in national publications, newspapers, and the archives of the Southern Baptist Convention, the essay finds patterns in the response to jazz dancing that set the stage for the making of moral concern throughout the twentieth century. A focus on young people, interracial sex, the emerging specter of homosexuality, black musical forms, immigrants, and traditional gender roles amounted to what I call “Downfall Voyeurism,” in which American decline is portrayed as a spectacle that elicits both fear and titillation. Downfall Voyeurism helps explain the rise and fall of the jazz panic of the 1910s, but it also presages the central tactics of the New Right that historians more traditionally see as emerging in the 1970s and 1980s.

Tip leakage noise is one of the least understood noise sources in turbomachinery, arising from the interactions between the tip leakage flow, blade tips and casing boundary layer. This study employs experimental and parametric investigations to systematically identify three key non-dimensional parameters that govern tip leakage noise: the angle of attack $\alpha$, the ratio between the maximum aerofoil thickness and gap size $\tau _{\textit{max}}/e$ and between the gap size and boundary-layer thickness $e/\delta$. These parameters regulate two fluid-dynamic instabilities, vortex shedding and shear-layer roll-up, responsible for the two tip leakage noise sources. Specifically, the first noise source arises when $\tau _{\textit{max}}/e \lt 4$ and with the tip vortex positioned away from the aerofoil surface for $\alpha \geqslant 10^\circ$. The second noise source occurs whenever the tip flow separates at the pressure side edge, with its strength proportional to the lift coefficient, depending on $\alpha$, and diminishing as $e/\delta$ decreases and $\tau _{\textit{max}}/e$ increases. Additionally, a relationship between the first noise source and drag losses is established, demonstrating that these losses are governed by $\alpha$ and $\tau _{\textit{max}}/e$.

Using a priming picture-description, a digital recall and a non-word repetition task, this study tested 18 four- to six-year-old Mandarin-speaking children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) and 25 age-matched typically developing (TD) children to examine the performance of children with DLD in producing grammatical aspect and the links of their performance to verbal working memory (VWM). Results indicated that children with DLD performed worse in producing individual aspect markers than TD children, showing better performance on the preverbal zai- than on the post-verbal markers. They showed better performance in producing imperfective than perfective aspect. Heterogeneous performance was noted in aspectual production within the DLD group, but only performance on -guo and perfective aspect significantly correlated with their VWM. Findings highlight the importance of positional and aspectual distinctions in assessment and intervention for Mandarin-speaking children with DLD, and they provide language-specific evidence for cross-linguistic asymmetries in aspect acquisition in language disorders.

Standard quadrotors exhibit limited mobility due to inherent underactuation: they only have four independent control inputs, whereas their position and attitude in space are defined by six degrees of freedom (DOF). Consequently, a quadrotor’s pose cannot track an arbitrary trajectory over time. To address this limitation, a novel actuation concept has been proposed, wherein the quadrotor’s propellers can tilt around their axes relative to the main body–forming a vector quadrotor. To achieve more accurate trajectory tracking tailored to the specific characteristics of this vector quadrotor model, we propose a novel control strategy. First, we integrate special orthogonal group SO(3) theory with model compensation control: SO(3) theory enables accurate modeling of the aircraft’s rotational dynamics, while model compensation control mitigates unmodeled dynamics and external disturbances, thereby ensuring robustness across diverse operating conditions. Second, we introduce the sequential quadratic programming (SQP) method for control allocation; this method not only enables efficient computation of control inputs but also optimises the allocation of control resources, which enhances system performance–particularly in complex manoeuvering scenarios. Finally, we integrate the SO(3)-based controller with the SQP-based control allocation module to form a unified control system. The effectiveness of this proposed approach is validated via simulation results. These results demonstrate improved trajectory tracking accuracy and enhanced robustness against disturbances, thus confirming the potential of our method for practical applications.

Modernity has been the idée fixe of law and society scholarship from the very beginning. It is impossible to imagine our field without its roots in the rather different theories of Weber, Marx, and Durkheim about the defining characteristics of a modern legal system; and their theories still resonate in the work of 21st-century researchers. Moreover, pre-modern law and post-modern law, as their names suggest, are also defined and analysed by law and society scholars in relation to the central concept of modernity. Modernity and its pre- and post-incarnations are the very bedrock of the law and society field.