Insight assessment in psychosis remains challenging in practice-oriented research.

To develop and validate a proxy measure for insight based on information from electronic health records (EHR). For that purpose, we used data on the Scale to Assess Unawareness of Mental Disorder (SUMD) and data from EHR notes of patients in an early psychosis intervention programme (Programa de Atención a Fases Iniciales de Psicosis, Santander, Spain).

Junior and senior clinicians examined 134 clinical notes from 106 patients to explore criterion and content validity between SUMD and a clinician-rated proxy measure, using three SUMD items.

In terms of criterion validity, SUMD scores correlated with the proxy (r = 0.61, P < 0.001), even after adjusting for the following confounders: type of psychotic disorder, clinical remission status and rater experience (r = 0.58, P < 0.001); and the proxy predicted good insight status (odds ratio 20.95, 95% CI 7.32–59.91, P < 0.001). Regarding content validity, the three main SUMD subscores correlated with the proxy (r = 0.55–0.60, P < 0.005). There were no significant differences in age, gender or other clinical variables, i.e. discriminant validity, and the proxy significantly correlated with validated psychometric instruments, i.e. external validity. Intraclass correlation coefficient (i.e. interrater reliability) was 0.88 (95% CI 0.59–1.00, P < 0.05).

This SUMD-based proxy measure was shown to have good to excellent validity and reliability, which may offer a reliable and efficient alternative for assessing insight in real-world clinical practice, EHR-based research and management. Future studies should explore its applicability across different healthcare contexts and its potential for automation, using natural language-processing techniques.

Marked increases in mental health services utilisation across university settings mean that students often spend long periods waiting for evaluation and treatment.

To assess whether digital unguided self-help delivered while waiting for face-to-face therapy could reduce anxiety and depression and improve functioning in university students.

We retrospectively analysed routinely collected data from the student mental health service at the University of Padua, Italy. From June 2022, all students waiting for clinical evaluation and treatment received a self-help stress management booklet (The World Health Organization’s Doing What Matters in Time of Stress (DWM)). The clinical evaluation included depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9), anxiety (Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7) and functional impairment (Work and Social Adjustment Scale). Single-group interrupted time series (ITS) analyses compared outcomes in users contacting the service between October 2021 and 23 June 2022 (pre-intervention) and, respectively, between 24 June 2022 and 18 November 2023 (post-intervention).

Seven hundred and forty-nine Italian students (77% women, median age 23 years) were included; of these, 411 (55%) received the intervention and 338 (45%) did not. ITS indicated that the intervention introduction coincided with immediate and sharp decreases in depression (level change, β = −2.26, 95% CI −3.89, −0.64), anxiety (β = −1.50, 95% CI −3.89, −0.65) and impaired functioning (β = −2.66, 95% CI −4.64, −0.60), all largely maintained over time.

In the absence of a control group, no causal inferences about intervention effects could be drawn. DWM should be studied as a promising candidate for bridging waiting time for face-to-face treatment.

Gender dysphoria is linked to various psychosocial challenges in adolescence, underscoring the need to identify and support youth experiencing gender-related distress. Although gender identity exists on a spectrum beyond the binary, no validated tool currently exists in Turkey that uses inclusive, gender-neutral language to assess it in adolescents.

This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Turkish adaptation of the Utrecht Gender Dysphoria Scale–Gender Spectrum (UGDS-GS) among clinical- and community-based adolescents.

A total of 240 participants aged 12–23 years were included. The validity of UGDS-GS was assessed through content validity and confirmatory factor analysis. Reliability was measured using Cronbachʼs alpha and test–retest intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). A sociodemographic data form, UGDS, UGDS-GS, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) and Youth Self-Report (YSR) were utilised.

Findings demonstrated strong content validity, with a content validity Index of 0.69, and robust construct validity, indicated by a comparative fit index of 0.993 and a root-mean-square error of approximation of 0.071 following the exclusion of three items. UGDS-GS effectively differentiated scores across demographic groups, showing significant variances based on assigned gender and age. The scale also exhibited excellent criterion validity, evidenced by an area under the curve of 0.947 in receiver operating characteristic analysis, with high sensitivity (80%) and specificity (95.9%) at an optimal cut-off value of 42.50. With a Cronbachʼs alpha of 0.935, UGDS-GS demonstrated strong internal consistency and substantial test–receiver operating characteristic retest reliability (ICC 0.884), alongside notable but weak correlations with several RSES subscales and low to moderate correlations with YSR scores.

These results affirm that tUGDS-GS is valuable and reliable in assessing gender dysphoria in Turkish adolescents. Further research is warranted to improve applicability in diverse contexts and populations.

Accommodation of treatment preferences is known to improve treatment outcomes and increase patient satisfaction, and is further advised in several national guidelines.

The aim of this study was to systematically review studies that elicited treatment preferences and related determinants among adults with depressive or anxiety disorder for out-patient mental healthcare.

The systematic review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024546311). Studies were retrieved from Web of Science, PubMed, CINAHL and PsycINFO. We included studies of all types that assessed treatment preferences of adults with depressive or anxiety disorder for out-patient care. Extracted data on preferences and determinants were summarised and categorised. Preferences were categorised into treatment approaches, psychotherapy delivery and setting, and psychotherapy parameters. Study quality was assessed with the Mixed-Methods Appraisal Tool.

Nineteen studies were included in the review. Preferences examined related to treatment approaches (n = 13), psychotherapy delivery and setting (n = 10), and psychotherapy parameters (n = 7). High heterogeneity in statistical methods and preference types restricted the derivation of robust conclusions, but tendencies toward a preference for psychotherapy (compared with medication), and particularly individual and face-to-face therapy, were observed. Regarding determinants, results were highly diverse and many findings were derived from single studies.

Our review synthesised evidence on treatment preferences and related determinants in out-patient mental healthcare. Results showed considerable heterogeneity regarding preference types, determinants and statistical methods. We highly recommend to develop and use standardised instruments to assess treatment preferences. Care providers should consider preference variance among patients, and provide individualised care.

Ketamine is a promising treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but further research is required to extend early findings.

To determine the short-term efficacy and tolerability of intramuscular (i.m.) ketamine compared with i.m. fentanyl for treatment-resistant PTSD symptoms.

We completed a randomised double-blind psychoactive-controlled study with single doses of i.m. racemic ketamine 0.5 mg/kg or 1.0 mg/kg or i.m. fentanyl 50 μg (psychoactive control). Eligible participants were aged between 18 and 50 years old and had treatment-refractory PTSD. The primary efficacy measure was the Impact of Events Scale – Revised (IESR), and tolerability was measured with the Clinician-Administered Dissociative States Scale. Analysis of variance with dose and time as repeated measures was used to assess the effects of drug treatment on total IESR and Clinician-Administered Dissociative States Scale scores.

Thirty-three participants completed the study (26 females, mean age 34.5 years). Ketamine, particularly at 1 mg/kg, was associated with substantially reduced IESR ratings, with some effect remaining after 1 week. Ketamine was also associated with short-term dissociative and cardiovascular effects.

We provide preliminary support for the efficacy and tolerability of i.m. ketamine in a community sample of individuals with PTSD. Further work is required to establish the optimal dosing regimen and longer-term role of ketamine in treatment of PTSD, but our findings are encouraging given the well-known of treatments in this area.

The World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS 2.0) has been validated across various settings and health conditions. However, few studies have evaluated the 12-item WHODAS 2.0 within low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) among individuals with mental health conditions.

This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the 12-item WHODAS 2.0 in populations with depression, anxiety and psychosis from seven LMICs.

Secondary analyses were carried out using existing longitudinal data-sets in adult populations with depression, anxiety and psychosis across Brazil, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Nigeria, Peru and South Africa. Reliability, validity and responsiveness to change of the 12-item WHODAS 2.0 were examined.

The 12-item WHODAS-2.0 was acceptably one-dimensional for all data-sets at baseline, with model-fit indices ranging from moderate to excellent. Internal consistency of the measure was found to be high across settings (Cronbach’s α = 0.83−0.97). Weak to moderate correlations with measures of symptom severity were found across all countries, except India. Moderate to strong correlations were observed with measures of functioning/quality of life across all countries, except Nigeria and Ghana.

Internal responsiveness to change was large in five out of seven studies, except both Ethiopian studies. However, external responsiveness to change exhibited variability, with weak to moderate correlations between change in WHODAS 2.0 and symptom scores across all countries.

The 12-item WHODAS 2.0 generally showed acceptable psychometric properties across different settings and mental health conditions. However, high variability was observed in convergent validity and external responsiveness to change, which warrants further investigation.

The use of amphetamine-type stimulants such as khat has been spreading quickly in eastern parts of Africa, the Arabian region and Asia. However, screening for the provision of early intervention has been inadequate, primarily because of the lack of culturally acceptable and valid screening tools.

To evaluate the the accuracy of the Problematic Khat Use Screening Tool (PKUST-17) in screening for khat use disorder against the DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorder.

A cross-sectional validation study was conducted in Ethiopia from February to December 2018, among a randomly selected sample of 506 individuals. The study subsample comprised 236 participants. We used the DSM-5 criteria for stimulant use disorders as the standard for determining the criterion validity and optimal cut-off score for the PKUST-17, using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorders were examined by researchers in a subsample of 232 participants. The PKUST-17 uses a five-point Likert scale (0–4), with total scores ranging from 0 to 68. At the optimal cut-off scores, sensitivity and specificity were determined. In addition, we conducted multivariate logistic regression analysis to evaluate potential convergent validity of the tool.

The area under the ROC curve showed good performance of the PKUST-17 (0.78, 95% CI 0.70–0.85, P < 0.001). A cut-off score above 17 demonstrated a sensitivity of 72% and specificity of 73%. The positive predictive value was 77.6% and the negative predictive value was 65.8% in identifying stimulant use disorder, as per the DSM-5 criteria. Among others, problematic khat use was significantly associated with higher World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 scores (adjusted odds ratio 1.78, 95% CI 1.04–3.03, P < 0.01) and more depressive symptoms (adjusted odds ratio 4.10, 95% CI 2.36–7.12, P < 0.05).

We found that the PKUST-17 is a valid tool for screening for khat use disorder against the DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorder, and identifying high-risk problematic khat users.

Bipolar disorder often goes unrecognised for several years, leading to delayed treatment and negative outcomes. To help address this, we have developed a novel telehealth-based group psychoeducational and resilience enhancement programme for individuals at high risk for bipolar disorder (PREP-BD), aimed at improving help-seeking among adolescents and young adults at risk of developing bipolar disorder.

The purpose of the current study was to explore the perspectives of at-risk youth, their families and group facilitators who participated in the feasibility trial of PREP-BD.

Group and individual semi-structured feedback sessions were conducted with the participants (n = 21) of the programme, their family members and the facilitators of PREP-BD. The questions covered their experiences, opinions on the programme’s structure and content and suggestions for improvement. Feedback sessions were transcribed and analysed qualitatively using inductive content analysis.

Overall feedback was positive, with participants and facilitators appreciating the informative and engaging nature of the sessions. Some participants desired more actionable resources and complex content. Family members sought greater involvement and information about the programme. The online format was valued for convenience, but was also viewed as a barrier by some to fostering deeper connections.

PREP-BD shows promise as a psychoeducational intervention for individuals at high risk for bipolar disorder. To enhance the programme’s effectiveness, future iterations should incorporate more nuanced content, provide additional practical guidance and address the limitations of the virtual setting. Continued evaluation and optimisation are crucial for ensuring the programme’s effectiveness as a tool for early intervention in bipolar disorder.

Gambling-related harm is a global public health concern. Suicide mortality is increased among people who experience gambling harm, and people who die by suicide often have contact with mental health treatment services in the months preceding their death.

To assess via a case–control study how gambling diagnosis predicts suicidal death and mental healthcare utilisation using linked routinely collected healthcare data.

We linked the Welsh Longitudinal General Practice Dataset, Annual District Death Extract, Patient Episode Database for Wales, and Outpatient Appointments Dataset Wales using the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) Databank. A sample of individuals with gambling diagnosis who died by suicide and an age- and sex-matched comparator group of all-cause decedents between 1993 and 2023 were extracted. Predictors of suicidal death, including mental health diagnosis and treatment contacts, were analysed using binary logistic regression models and chi-squared tests.

A matched cohort of 92 individuals diagnosed with a gambling diagnosis (mean age 61.5 years, s.d. 13.1; 71% male) who died by suicide and 2990 comparators were identified. Gambling diagnosis status was a significant predictor of suicide (odds ratio 30.94; 95% CI 3.57–268.28; P = 0.002). Individuals with gambling disorder had significantly more mental health treatment contacts (P < 0.001), particularly in-patient contacts (P < 0.001). No difference in out-patient contacts was found.

Historical diagnosis of gambling harm is a significant predictor of suicidal death and mental health treatment utilisation. Improved screening and coding practices would facilitate greater data linkage research on gambling-related suicide and suicide prevention.

Health and mental health professionals often lack knowledge and confidence to provide quality healthcare to people with intellectual disability and those on the autism spectrum. Educational interventions are proposed as solutions, but their effectiveness and optimal characteristics remain unclear.

To evaluate the effectiveness of educational interventions in improving health professionals’ knowledge, skills, attitudes, confidence and/or self-efficacy in providing care to people with intellectual disability and those on the autism spectrum.

A mixed-methods systematic review was conducted searching six major databases, adhering to PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO CRD42022309194). Studies were included if they assessed outcomes of educational interventions aimed at improving health professionals’ capacity to provide care to people with intellectual disability and/or those on the autism spectrum.

We identified 34 studies: five focused on intellectual disability, two on intellectual and developmental disabilities, and 27 on autism. All reported positive findings, although heterogeneity of measures limited synthesis. Most studies (30 out of 34) employed single group pre-test/post-test designs, with only nine using validated outcome measures. Only eight studies reported co-design or co-delivery involving people with lived experience.

Educational interventions demonstrate positive effects on heath professionals’ capacity to provide care. Significant gaps include limited evidence for adult-focused interventions, uncertainty about optimal delivery modes and duration, and minimal inclusion of people with lived experience in intervention design and delivery. Future interventions should involve people with lived experience in design and delivery, and incorporate validated outcome measures to enhance evidence quality.

Postpartum depressive symptoms (PPDS) are mental health concerns, characterised by sadness, anxiety and suicidal ideation.

We aimed to estimate the prevalence of PPDS, identify its associated factors and explore the lived experiences of individuals with PPDS, to understand the psychosocial mechanisms involved.

We surveyed 400 women aged 18 years and above and conducted in-depth interviews among 19 women who screened positive for PPDS at two urban hospitals and one peri-urban polyclinic in Ho, Ghana. We used multivariable binomial generalised linear models to identify factors independently associated with PPDS. We used thematic analysis (qualitative) to identify themes that highlight pathways through which these factors influence PPDS.

Overall, 117 (29.3%) women screened positive for PPDS. Being unmarried (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) 1.33, 95% CI 1.02–1.72), lack of partner support (aPR 1.60, 95% CI 1.21–2.12), history of depressive or psychiatric disorders (aPR 2.44, 95% CI 1.84–3.25), unplanned pregnancy (aPR 1.63, 95% CI 1.18–2.25), low self-esteem (aPR 2.38, 95% CI 1.79–3.16) and low birth weight (aPR 1.87, 95% CI 1.33–2.65) were independently associated with PPDS. The thematic analysis revealed four key themes: (a) social isolation and limited support, (b) emotional stress and vulnerability, (c) self-image and identity challenges, and (d) resilience resources.

PPDS were common in our sample and were significantly associated with modifiable factors such as prior mental health history and low self-esteem. These findings underscore the importance of prioritising maternal mental health through the integration of depression screening and psychosocial care into routine antenatal and postnatal services.

Psychotic symptoms in depression are linked to worse outcomes, and treatment options are limited. Ketamine and esketamine are effective antidepressants, yet most studies have excluded patients with a history of psychotic symptoms.

To evaluate by systematic review the efficacy and safety of ketamine and esketamine in treating patients with unipolar or bipolar depressive episodes with psychotic features.

A comprehensive search of the PubMed, Ovid and Web of Science databases was conducted up to 2 November 2023. We included any study that reported the use of ketamine or esketamine in patients with depressive episodes with psychotic symptoms. The primary outcomes assessed were variations in depressive and psychotic symptoms and the incidence of adverse events. The protocol was preregistered in PROSPERO (CRD42023488524).

Ten studies were included, encompassing 60 patients with unipolar depression with psychotic symptoms and 19 patients with bipolar depression with psychotic symptoms. Treatment with (es)ketamine showed mean score changes on the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale ranging from −13.7 to −18.2 points in open-label studies of patients with unipolar depression with psychotic symptoms. Up to 50% of participants achieved remission. The largest study with patients with bipolar depression with psychotic symptoms reported a mean Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale score change of −14.9 points. Adverse events were mostly mild and transient. There were no reports of switches to (hypo)mania or deterioration of psychotic symptoms, and in six studies there was substantial improvement of the latter.

The available evidence suggests that (es)ketamine shows antidepressant effects in patients with depressive episodes with psychotic features and has a reasonable safety profile. However, the heterogeneity of the studies included in this review and the high risk of bias warrant caution in interpreting the findings and underscore the need for further trials to confirm these preliminary results.

Depression in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with worse clinical prognosis; however, evidence regarding the relationship between depression and hypoglycaemic risk remains limited and inconclusive.

Our study aimed to evaluate the association between depressive symptoms and hypoglycaemic events.

Depressive symptoms were assessed in participants of the ACCORD-HRQL study at baseline and during follow-up visits at 12, 36 and 48 months using the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Symptom severity was categorised into three levels: none (0–4 points), mild (5–9 points) or moderate to severe (10–24 points). The primary outcomes included hypoglycaemia requiring any assistance (HAA) and hypoglycaemia requiring medical assistance (HMA).

Over a median follow-up of 4.3 years, 220 individuals developed HAA (incidence rate: 27.0 per 1000 person-years) and 157 individuals experienced HMA (incidence rate: 18.8 per 1000 person-years). Depressive symptoms exhibited dynamic fluctuations during the study period, and participants with depression consistently demonstrated less effective glycaemic control compared to those without depression. However, each one-unit increase in PHQ-9 score was not associated with elevated risks of HAA (hazard ratio, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.97–1.03) or HMA (hazard ratio, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.95–1.02).

Depressive symptoms in individuals with T2DM are dynamic and correlate with suboptimal glycaemic control. However, no significant association was observed between depression severity and increased hypoglycaemic events. These findings highlight the importance of integrated clinical strategies for continuous mental health monitoring and glucose management in T2DM individuals.

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and related community (LGBTQ+) individuals have significantly increased risk for mental health problems. However, research on inequalities in LGBTQ+ mental healthcare is limited because LGBTQ+ status is usually only contained in unstructured, free-text sections of electronic health records.

This study investigated whether natural language processing (NLP), specifically the large language model, Bi-directional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT), can identify LGBTQ+ status from this unstructured text in mental health records.

Using electronic health records from a large mental healthcare provider in south London, UK, relevant search terms were identified and a random sample of 10 000 strings extracted. Each string contained 100 characters either side of a search term. A BERT model was trained to classify LGBTQ+ status.

Among 10 000 annotations, 14% (1449) confirmed LGBTQ+ status while 86% (8551) did not. These other categories included LGBTQ+ negative status, irrelevant annotations and unclear cases. The final BERT model, tested on 2000 annotations, achieved a precision of 0.95 (95% CI 0.93–0.98), a recall of 0.93 (95% CI 0.91–0.96) and an F1 score of 0.94 (95% CI 0.92–0.97).

LGBTQ+ status can be determined using this NLP application with a high success rate. The NLP application produced through this work has opened up mental health records to a variety of research questions involving LGBTQ+ status, and should be explored further. Additional work should aim to extend what has been done here by developing an application that can distinguish between different LGBTQ+ groups to examine inequalities between these groups.

Loneliness is associated with several physical and mental health problems, yet its costs to the healthcare system remain unclear.

The current study aimed to review literature on the health and social care impacts of loneliness, and review economic evaluations of loneliness interventions.

We conducted a systematic review of studies published from 2008 to April 2025 by searching five bibliographic databases, grey literature and reference lists of systematic reviews. Studies estimating health and social care cost/expenditure, and on health resource utilisation, were included to assess the impact of loneliness on the health system. Return on investment, social return on investment and cost-effectiveness evaluations were included to assess the economic impact of loneliness interventions. We conducted quality appraisal and narrative synthesis of results.

We included 53 studies. Eight estimated the healthcare cost/expenditure of loneliness, 33 reported healthcare resource use and 19 were economic evaluations of interventions. Findings relating to the cost/expenditure of loneliness and service use were inconsistent: some studies reported excess costs/expenditure and service use, whereas others found lower costs/expenditure and service use. Economic evaluation studies indicated that loneliness interventions can be cost-effective, but were not consistently cost-saving or effective in reducing loneliness.

Findings on the impact of loneliness on the healthcare system and economic evaluations of loneliness interventions were varied. Therefore, we cannot derive confident conclusions from this review. To address evidence gaps, future research relating to social care, younger populations, direct healthcare costs of loneliness and randomised controlled trials with long-term follow-ups should be prioritised.

Significant changes in Taiwan’s psychiatric services over recent decades include expansion of community-based clinics and implementation of the Schizophrenia Pay-for-Performance programme.

This study aimed to assess the trend of the quality of healthcare for individuals with schizophrenia, using various indicators of the treatment process and outcomes between 2010 and 2019.

Individuals with schizophrenia were identified using Taiwan’s National Health Insurance claims database. The quality of healthcare for individuals with schizophrenia was assessed using treatment process and outcome indicators, including antipsychotic types, medication adherence, daily dose for antipsychotics and concurrent use of other psychotropic agents. Outcome indicators included all-cause mortality, suicide deaths, psychiatric hospitalisation, emergency department visits and employment status.

Antipsychotic medication usage has shifted towards second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) and long-acting injectable antipsychotics (LAIs), with declines in first-generation antipsychotics. The percentage of medication adherence declined, while that of individuals with an adequate daily dose increased. Concurrently, anticholinergic and benzodiazepine use decreased while antidepressant and mood stabiliser use increased. Outcome indicators showed no significant change in all-cause mortality or suicide rates over time, but there were reductions in psychiatric hospitalisations and emergency department visits. Employment rates increased overall, particularly in urban areas.

The quality of healthcare for individuals with schizophrenia, as measured by treatment process and outcome indicators, improved alongside changes in Taiwan’s psychiatric services; however, causality cannot be inferred from our findings. Future research should evaluate the effectiveness of psychiatric service policies and continuously monitor healthcare quality to further enhance the lives of individuals with schizophrenia.

Benzodiazepine use among physicians is an important public health issue related to physicians’ well-being and patient safety.

This study aimed to evaluate the patterns and correlates of benzodiazepine use in physicians by comparing the characteristics of heavy users with those of low-dose users.

We identified 4844 physicians with a history of benzodiazepine use as the benzodiazepine cohort from 32 080 physicians from the population-based Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database from 2014 to 2020. Benzodiazepine users were divided into low-dose, intermediate and heavy users based on their yearly equivalent dosage of <20, 20–150 and >150 defined daily dose (DDD) per year, respectively. Differences in demographic characteristics and specialities between the benzodiazepine and control cohorts were compared via univariate and multivariate logistic regression models. A generalised estimating equation was used to investigate the relationship between benzodiazepine use and comorbidities.

Among all of the physicians, 15.1% used benzodiazepine. Male physicians were more likely to use benzodiazepines and become heavy users. Older age, sleep disorders and depression were significantly associated with heavy benzodiazepine use. Regarding physician specialities, the highest prevalence of benzodiazepine use was observed in otorhinolaryngology (19.8%), followed by family medicine (19.1%). Odds of benzodiazepine use were 2.20 and 2.90 times greater in physicians with sleep disorders and depression, respectively.

Comorbidities of depression and sleep disorders are associated with increased probability of benzodiazepine use. Providing stress-coping strategies and appropriate treatment for mental disorders is recommended to support the overall well-being of physicians.