Partition brought with it severe challenges for the operation of railways in Ireland and in its aftermath the cross-border network declined. This chapter explores the challenges of running cross-border railways against a backdrop of the profound lack of cooperation between the administrations in Dublin and Belfast after partition. Even when both administrations grudgingly recognised that they had to cooperate to make even the Dublin/Belfast route viable, this effort towards partnership was stymied by the complicating factor of Belfast’s relations with London. The railways therefore provide a case study which highlights the challenges of sharing the Island of Ireland after partition, with consequences which run to the present.

This chapter follows several notable musicians who came to the United States and Canada after 1939, specifically Jaroslav Ježek, Bohuslav Martinů, Jan Löwenbach, Karel Husa, Jiří Traxler, and Karel Ančerl. Their experiences were widely divergent and depended on their musical activities, means of employment, and duration of stay. Though these musicians’ encounters with their new places of residence and unfamiliar cultures were individualistic, they each explored their new environment through the lens of the musical traditions they brought with them. Conversely (as shown in this chapter’s penultimate case study on Finian’s Rainbow), the exposure of Czech musicians to American culture also had long-lasting effects in their homeland.

Rationalist accounts of thought experiment in epistemology offer an alternative to the more predominantly empiricist approaches in philosophy of science. In this chapter, I will pose a Kantian critique of recent rationalist accounts of intellectual intuition. Some epistemologists have recently argued that intellectual intuitions can provide prima facie justification for judgments. In this chapter, I highlight some promising elements of recent rationalist accounts, especially the proposal that there can be nonsensory presentations analogous to empirical perceptions. If they are right, then thought experiments can provide new experiential content even without empirical confirmation. However, I also draw attention to Kant’s objections to the possibility of purely intellectual intuitions.

The New Cambridge History of the English Language is aimed at providing a contemporary and comprehensive overiew of English, tracing its roots in Germanic and investigating the contact scenarios in which the language has been an active participant.

This chapter explores the ways in which folk music and dance were linked to science and politics in the twentieth century. To understand these relationships, the chapter starts with nineteenth-century collections of folksongs, which determine the canon of Bohemian and Moravian folk music until the present day. The traditional forms of folk music recorded by nineteenth-century collectors nearly disappeared in the twentieth century. This decline coincided with the emergence of a prominent folk revival, marked by the proliferation of both amateur and professional folk ensembles in post-1948 communist Czechoslovakia. Throughout the communist era, which lasted until 1989, these endeavors were officially aligned with the Communist Party’s politics and often carried propagandistic undertones. In the late twentieth century, folk music ensembles and practitioners were both influenced by and influencing classical music, as well as, later, rock and jazz, with institutionalized radio broadcasts playing a significant role in this evolution.

Chapter one is the introduction to the book. It outlines the main goals of the book, previous scholarship, and a new methodological framework for understanding violence in the Dead Sea Scrolls. It presents an overview of the sociological approaches to the people behind the Dead Sea Scrolls and scholarship on the meaning of violence.

We examine a monoidal structure on the category of polynomial functors, defined through the operation of substituting one polynomial into another. We explain how this composition product transforms polynomials into a richer algebraic structure, enabling the modeling of more complex interactions and processes. The chapter explores the properties of this monoidal structure, how it relates to existing constructions in category theory, and its implications for understanding time evolution and dynamical behavior. We also provide examples and visual representations to clarify how substitution works in practice.

4.1 [254] Julian has, therefore, denounced God’s glory and cried out most disgracefully against the doctrines of Moses, as though it was otherwise impossible for him to secure a winning verdict for the Greeks’ superstitions unless he vilified the teachings of Christians1 – a tactic in keeping with his deceptions and love of slander.2 And yet, surely it would have been necessary and better, at least in my view, if he supported their opinions with the facts themselves – assuming there is something true in them – and didn’t deck them out in the inventive bombast3 of certain persons,4 just like those women, for example, who are courtesans and suppose they can dispel the shame of their activity with seductive chit-chat and superficial make-up.5

This chapter provides an overview of the history of books and printing in English, in four sections defined by time period. Each section briefly surveys the technological innovations of that period and discusses how the changing print industry influenced and reflected developments of English between 1476 and the present. After an introduction (7.1), Section 7.2 discusses the rise of print in England during the incunabula and early print period (1476–1640). Section 7.3 then follows the continued expansion of print across England and North America during the hand-press period (1641–c. 1800), and Section 7.4 considers the explosion of printed texts during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The final section culminates with an overview of the rise of digital reading platforms and a discussion of how the ongoing evolution of text technologies continues to influence the development of English today.

Health insurance does not work well when individuals have more information about illness than the insurer. Two problems arise as a consequence of this information gap. Moral hazard, which arises when individuals know more about their current needs than the insurer, generates an overutilization of care services. Adverse selection, caused by insureds having more information about future risk than insurers, leads high-risk individuals to buy high coverage (at a high premium) and low-risk individuals to buy lower coverage than optimal. This chapter covers these market failures and presents some evidence and thoughts about policies that have been used to reduce their negative effect, such as cost-sharing for dealing with moral hazard, and mandates and cross-subsidies for buying high coverage. I end by arguing that dealing with selection should not be a top priority.