This chapter focuses on the history of the Prague Conservatory from its inception to the end of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. Founded in 1811, the Prague Conservatory is the second oldest institution of its kind in Europe outside of Italy, following the Paris Conservatory established in 1795. The first part of the chapter explores the development of the institution’s curriculum under the director Friedrich Dionys Weber. Subsequently, the chapter explores how the conservatory achieved international prestige in the second half of the nineteenth century. The last part of the chapter discusses how the rising nationalistic tensions in Prague during the late Habsburg period influenced the conservatory’s operations.

This chapter focuses on Palmyra’s choices in weaving a wider network of social ties to both the Mediterranean and eastern world in order to enjoy the recognizable success that lasted several centuries. It gleans evidence of the presence of Palmyrenes in the Mediterranean, Egypt, the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean, before discussing the observable strategies in terms of strengthening commercial ties or choices in items of trade based on their high commercial value and lightness in terms of transport, such as silk or pearls.

Consumer items and gendered identities on display and in transition, existing materially and symbolically within a matrix of relations of production and desire. The practical frustrations and self-confirming identity choices of local shopping lead to consideration of twentieth-century consumer society’s essentialization of individual gender identities despite apparent freedoms and autonomy of choice. Marx’s analysis of the reification of the object and the fetishization of the commodity informs public displays of youth culture: masculine, feminine, and trans. Modern young women and men shape their gendered public personas through the knowing appropriation of brands as identity performance, yet risk repression by the state, society, and family. Whether dancing too exclusively to Pharrell Williams’ Happy, or performing gender identity too essentially through transsexual identification, Iranian youth encounter the limits of branded identity even as they claim the freedoms apparently promised by the social market. Borrowing from Jacques Lacan’s positing of gender as a choice between two doors, the question of what is behind the doors might matter more than deciding between them.

Kant’s distinction between different uses of judgments – determining and reflecting – sheds light on two areas of recent debates about thought experiments as a method: (1) the question of bizarre cases and (2) the problem of missing context. On the question of bizarre cases, I show how a Kantian explains why it is sometimes acceptable for thought experiments to be far-fetched. For philosophical problems that call for reflecting judgment (i.e., the creation or discovery of new concepts), bizarre cases can be particularly effective. The problem of bizarre cases is closely related to the problem of missing context, which is another common objection to their use. The problem is that readers are often left to fill in background context that might be relevant for how they evaluate the thought experiment scenario. I will argue that missing context is a problem only if readers evaluate scenarios based on their prior knowledge and familiar experience. If instead, as I claim, the fictional case makes a new presentation possible, the additional context may be irrelevant and might distract from the presentation the thought experiment is designed to recreate.

Origen’s surprising presence within David F. Strauss’s genealogy of the critical examination of the life of Jesus ought to stir contemporary readers from slipping into their own forms of presumption regarding when, exactly, reading of the Gospels first became critical or what the term “critical” even means. Strauss’s presentation also underscores the difficulty of fashioning a portrait adequate to such a unique figure and introduces the need to retrieve Origen’s own first principles of Gospel reading. Here, I lay the requisite groundwork for addressing Part I’s overarching question (“What is a Gospel?”) by showing that, for Origen, the term “Gospel,” strictly speaking, does not designate just any discourse bearing the early Christian proclamation, but rather one that does so under the form of narratives of the life of Jesus. The stage is thus set for the more pivotal – and tortuous – question: What kind of narratives are they?

This article considers recent Shakespearian productions emphasizing sound, including Max Webster’s acclaimed, yet controversial, London production of Macbeth with David Tennant and Cush Jumbo, and Knock at the Gate’s entirely auditory Shakespearian presentations, created for listening in the dark with headphones. Binaural technology creates striking soundscapes in each instance.

Sir John Gielgud was a highly regarded Shakespearian performer on stage and screen. However, his prolific career playing Shakespeare on radio is far less celebrated. This article shows that he not only was one of the most important early radio actors, but continued to be influential throughout his life.

This article focuses on a transmedial project that has become an important strand in a growing adaptational network in which Hamlet is being reactivated to explore the current situation in Ukraine. Exploring the adaptational principles of ruination and reconstruction, it discusses the fragility and promises of local, national and transnational community-building through Shakespeare.

This chapter explores the sacral aspects of Achaemenid Persian kingship. It attempts to precisely illuminate the ruler’s relationship with the divine and to demonstrate that the assumption of priestly prerogatives was an important aspect of his office. To better appreciate the political function of religion, this study provides cultural and historical contexts for the royal appropriation of sacral attributes. It further contributes to the recent field of study regarding a possible soteriological dimension to Achaemenid ideology by assessing and synthesising new and previously cited evidence for the existence of such an element, as well as its possible applications.

We show that the category of comonoids, defined with respect to the composition product in the category of polynomial functors, is equivalent to a category of small categories as objects but with an interesting type of morphism called retrofunctors. Unlike traditional functors, retrofunctors operate in a forward-backward manner, offering a different kind of relationship between categories. We introduce this concept of retrofunctors, provide examples to illustrate their behavior, and explain their role in modeling state systems.

This chapter explains why inframarginal analysis should be used to evaluate whether to enforce consumer boilerplate provisions, and then applies this approach to show that the use of pro-consumer boilerplate terms should be mandatory. Inframarginal analysis looks at how the law can allocate inframarginal resources in ways that are fairer and more efficient than unregulated outcomes. Two policy considerations are paramount when carrying out this analysis: 1) devising ways to distribute resources equitably, and 2) minimizing wasteful competition. The impact of consumer boilerplate is largely inframarginal, so inframarginal analysis is the correct way to evaluate whether to enforce these provisions. In carrying out this analysis, a graph-based approach is helpful in showing why equitable considerations point toward preferring pro-consumer terms over pro-seller terms and why wasteful competition considerations point toward making the use of these pro-consumer terms mandatory. The usefulness of this analysis is further demonstrated by applying the findings here to the more specific question of whether to enforce choice-of-forum provisions in consumer contracts.

The communities of the western Niger Delta, in the midst of economic turmoil, confronted the British colonial government’s effort to integrate them into the wider colonial economy with a boycott on palm oil exports in 1927. Taxation was the primary instrument of incorporation for the British government, and Niger Delta community’s primary form of leverage against taxation was a systemic boycott. Beyond taxation, these communities resented the imposition of warrant chiefs, who were tasked with enforcing taxation and carrying out local administration of the courts (another vital source of income for the colonial government). The 1927 boycott succeeded in slowing down the palm oil trade. It was also part of a broader pattern of resistance in the palm-producing region across southern Nigeria. This widespread resistance indicated the lack of knowledge and control the colonial state had regarding these communities, and the need to impose stronger mechanisms of contol, through the warrant chiefs, increased surveilance and policing, and by exploiting ethnic differences.