Due to climate change, sustainability has become a crucial topic in product development, while addressing it is associated with many challenges. Based on a literature review, those challenges are collected and clustered into nine categories and sub-categories defined for this purpose. Additionally, a research project is analysed. The exhibited challenges such as data availability versus influenceability, a lack of unified sustainability criteria, and decision-making trade-offs underscore the need for refined methodologies and collaboration in sustainability-oriented design. The differently sourced challenges are compared and the new challenges arising from the research project are sorted into the categories. Finally, possible reasons are discussed for why within the project only challenges from four out of nine categories are encountered.

Volunteer corn is a problem weed in sorghum fields rotated with corn. The commercial availability of imazamox-resistant (iGrowth™) and quizalofop-resistant (Doube Team™) sorghum allows the use of imazamox and quizalofop, respectively, for controlling grass weeds; however, information is not available for their efficacy for control of volunteer corn. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of imazamox and quizalofop for control density, and biomass reduction of glufosinate/glyphosate-resistant corn volunteers in imazamox- and quizalofop-resistant sorghum. Two separate field experiments were conducted near Clay Center, NE, in 2023 and 2024. Imazamox (53 and 79 g ai ha–1) applied early-postemergence (E-POST) and late-postemergence (L-POST) controlled 96% to 98% and 78% to 89% of corn volunteers 28 d after application (DAA) in 2023 and 2024, respectively in iGrowth sorghum. Similarly, quizalofop applied E-POST and L-POST (58 and 73 g ai ha–1) provided 98% and 99% control of volunteer corn in 2023 and 2024, respectively in Double Team sorghum. Quizalofop reduced volunteer corn density (0 to 0.2 plants m–1) and biomass (0 to 13 g m–2) compared to nontreated control in both years. The results suggest that imazamox and quizalofop could be used as POST herbicides for control of glufosinate/glyphosate-resistant corn volunteers in imazamox- and quizalofop-resistant sorghum, respectively.

Advances in information and communication technology (ICT) foster smart systems. Seamless data flows between stakeholders are crucial for their functioning. Designing communication systems to manage data exchange in distributed multi-stakeholder networks is challenged by the complexity of diverse stakeholders with varying interests and data needs. This requires a comprehensive understanding of data flows and communication dynamics. This paper investigates methods for modeling and analyzing data-related links between stakeholders in complex systems. After defining requirements and reviewing available methods, an approach combining dependency and structure modeling (DSM) and systems modeling language (SysML) is identified as most suitable. This is applied to a case study of autonomous buses in public transport, demonstrating its applicability and providing a foundation for further work.

This paper explores the influence of layer variations within Artificial Neural Network (ANN) crowds on their collective behavior and prediction accuracy. While prior research has demonstrated the effectiveness of ANN crowds, understanding how architectural variations impact performance is limited. A coding scheme is used to categorize architectures into distinct behavioral profiles (Normality, Centrality, Width). These profiles provide insights into how individual architecture contributes to the overall behavior and performance of the crowd. The research uses two prediction models. Analysis of behavior distributions across layers reveals minimal fluctuations in both models, suggesting consistent behavior across varying layer configurations. Future work will explore the relationship between layer variations and error metrics to understand their impact on performance.

Gracia de Luna conducted experiments with an HMD virtual environment in which human subjects were presented with surprise distractions. His collected data for head, dominant hand, and non-dominant hand included 6 DOF human subject trajectories. This paper examines this data from 57 human subject responses to those surprise virtual environment distractions using statistical trajectory clustering algorithms. The data is organized and processed with a Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) algorithm and then analyzed using the Density Based Spatial Clustering (DBSCAN) algorithm. The K-means method was used to determine the appropriate number of clusters. Chi Squared goodness of fit was used to determine statistical significance. For five of the data sets, a p value of less than 0.05 was found. These five data sets were found to have a limited relationship to the measured variables.

Stratifying systems, which have been defined for module, triangulated and exact categories previously, were developed to produce examples of standardly stratified algebras. A stratifying system $\Phi$ is a finite set of objects satisfying some orthogonality conditions. One very interesting property is that the subcategory $\mathcal{F}(\Phi )$ of objects admitting a composition series-like filtration with factors in $\Phi$ has the Jordan-Hölder property on these filtrations. This article has two main aims. First, we introduce notions of subobjects, simple objects and composition series for an extriangulated category, in order to define a Jordan-Hölder extriangulated category. Moreover, we characterise Jordan-Hölder, length, weakly idempotent complete extriangulated categories in terms of the associated Grothendieck monoid and Grothendieck group. Second, we develop a theory of stratifying systems in extriangulated categories. We define projective stratifying systems and show that every stratifying system $\Phi$ in an extriangulated category is part of a minimal projective one $(\Phi ,Q)$. We prove that $\mathcal{F}(\Phi )$ is a length, Jordan-Hölder extriangulated category when $(\Phi ,Q)$ satisfies a left exactness condition. We give several examples and answer a recent question of Enomoto–Saito in the negative.

In this research a study environment is presented that enables iterative design in large engineering lectures and show possibilities for investigations at two example lectures from German universities. The initial results show that it is possible for large lecture-hall-based courses to engage in in-depth tasks of engineering design. Design researchers can use the generated data to measure infuences, e.g. the applied methods on specifc design tasks. Two key insights include the potential for large courses to serve as large-scale research environments for design research and the observed effects of infuences on students’ decision-making processes. This approach offers a promising method to further explore the complexities of decision infuences and design optimization in educational settings.

The domination and exploitation inherent to colonialism entailed casting Africans as violators of European standards, expectations, and even aspirations. This article identifies messaging which permeated the everyday experiences of African wage earners by locating the ways in which employers embedded their understanding of Africans as potential violators into the employment relationship. It examines the records of the Tribunal de Première Instance in Dakar, Senegal, during the decades of high colonialism to reveal the nature of that dynamic, exploring implicit expectations among employers regarding their employees, particularly related to allegations of theft or abandonment of work brought against workers. Analysis of such cases particularly highlights domestic workers, who were overwhelmingly male. The interactions and claims in the justice records reveal clear constructions of violation within the attitudes and actions of non-African employers in colonial Dakar and present the court as a venue for perpetuating that rhetoric.

This article aims to introduce a novel synthesis optimisation framework based on a performance prediction model for a space propulsion system. The structure of this research is divided into five steps for optimisation. In the first step, the optimisation problem is defined, and the objective functions, design parameters and constraints of the problem are determined. This system consists of five sub-systems including (gas tank, liquid fuel tank, injector, catalytic bed and nozzle). In this optimisation, the objective functions include increasing the specific impulse and reducing the overall mass of the system. Also, the design parameters and limitations of each subsystem are mentioned in the text. The optimisation space is extracted in the second step using the design of experiments (DoE) tool and the Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) method. In the third stage, using the design points obtained from the DoE, the metamodel of the mass of each of the sub-systems and the metamodel of the specific impulse of the whole system are produced by the Kriging method. In the fourth step, the metamodels produced are optimised using the SHERPA algorithm based on the objective functions of the problem. In the fifth step, the results are derived by comparing two objective functions (minimum mass and maximum specific impulse for the entire system) using the Pareto front diagram. Finally, by comparing the optimal results with an existing thruster sample, it shows that the specific impulse has increased by 6% and the total mass of the system has decreased by 15.8%.

Regenerative Responsibility (RR) emerges as a transformative framework for design education, addressing the urgent need for sustainability and ethical practices in the field. By integrating principles of ethics, regeneration, and pedagogy, RR redefines the role of designers as agents of systemic change. It incorporates methodologies such as project-based learning, systems thinking, and ethical reflection to align design practices with social, environmental, and economic considerations. Regeneration thinking empowers future designers to adopt innovative and responsible approaches, positioning design education as a catalyst for addressing global challenges and fostering regenerative practices across disciplines.

Topology optimization is a powerful tool for the development of light and strong structures. Due to the preliminary nature of the resulting design proposals, a geometry reconstruction process is required. This primarily serves the purpose to create a functional design. In doing so, parameterization of the geometry and the option to modify are demanded in product development as well as automation. A specific medial axis based reconstruction method not only facilitates the automation, but also the intervention with several possibilities for modification of an optimized design proposal. In this paper, we examine at an examplary use case, how this practice could reduce design iteration cycles, although intermediate new design requirements emerge. We discuss the advantages and limitations of this approach.

This paper introduces a novel methodology for analyzing customer preferences within product ecosystems by leveraging video reviews from social media platforms. The approach includes three stages: collecting and preprocessing video reviews, extracting product features using Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), and analyzing sentiment with the VADER package. By utilizing video reviews, this study captures a more detailed and structured understanding of customer experiences compared to traditional textual reviews, offering actionable guidance for product interoperability and user sentiment analysis. The research highlights the importance of understanding the relationships between products and their accessories, providing specific design insights for creating cohesive product ecosystems that resonate with users on both functional and emotional levels.

Within-region geographical variation in Canadian Englishes has rarely been investigated on a large scale. This is at least in part due to claims of Canadian “Englishes” being largely geographically homogeneous (Chambers, 2004; Boberg, 2010; Denis, 2020), despite evidence of regional variation (Dollinger, 2019). Here, we build on older literature that documented regional variation in English spoken in British Columbia (BC). We focus on two regions in BC—the Okanagan and the Lower Mainland—examining four phonological patterns: pre-velar raising of kit, dress, and trap, and Canadian Raising of price. Using Generalized Additive Mixed Models, we find regional differences in vowel pronunciation patterns for pre-velar raising of the examined front vowels and for Canadian Raising of price. Both regions engage in Canadian Raising and pre-velar raising. From that lens, the regions are homogeneous. However, the patterns are produced in regionally specific ways, providing further evidence that regional variation exists within smaller geographical areas in Canadian English. Overall, this challenges the claims of homogeneity for English spoken in Canada and more generally invites an interrogation of what homogeneity means.

A major cause of diagnostic errors is the underlying complexity caused by patient presentations and the context in which diagnosis is being undertaken. This is especially true for settings like emergency medicine and disease spectrums like infectious diseases. To design artefacts that counter such errors, it is essential to map the factors contributing to diagnostic complexity. However, existing complexity assessment methods in healthcare are limited in scope. Addressing this gap, our work operationalises a complexity estimation tool to identify factors contributing to the diagnostic complexity of 10 infectious disease cases in an emergency medicine setting. Our objective findings are further validated by a strong correlation with the difficulty perceived by attending doctors. The work provides a basis for the design of targeted interventions aiming to mitigate complexity in diagnosis.

Resonance, where individual creative moments resonate with each other, has been qualitatively recognized as an important phenomenon during co-creation. In a previous study, the authors conducted a concept generation pair work experiment using biosignal indicators and quantitatively grasped the difference between creative states that are simply creative and those that are resonant. This study explores whether it is possible to estimate these creative states using biosignal indicators with the Hidden Markov Model. The parameters for the Hidden Markov Model were based on multimodal biosignal indicators and subjective self-reflection reports regarding the creative states during co-creation. The results suggested that creative states can be estimated during co-creation using a Hidden Markov Model, and resonance can be understood as a shared form of self-resonance driven by concept generation.

Maritime navigation in low visibility presents a significant challenge, jeopardising seafarers’ situational awareness and escalating collision risks. This study introduces a maritime head-up display (mHUD) to address this issue. The mHUD, a 2-m diameter aluminium ring with dual rows of LEDs, enhances visibility for autonomous ships in adverse conditions on ship bridges and remote operating centres (ROCs). Displaying various modes such as shallow waters, land, lighthouses, beacons, buoys and maritime traffic, the mHUD was evaluated in a ship bridge simulator by 12 navigation students. Results revealed that the mHUD substantially improved situational awareness, proving more efficient and effective than navigating without it in poor visibility conditions. Participants found the mHUD easy to learn and expressed willingness to use it in real-world situations. The study highlights the mHUD’s potential to enhance situational awareness on ship bridges and ROCs for autonomous ships, while suggesting potential enhancements to increase usability and user satisfaction.

Design has shifted from product manufacturing to tackling systems’ complexities in social innovation, focusing on participatory and human-centered design. Despite tools developed to enhance participation, differing perspectives complicate co-creation, necessitating better ways for interdependent thinking and communication. Designers must be embedded within the same social and cultural contexts as others, engaging in long-term participation. Establishing a design context that transcends temporary action but with a joint vision and tasks achievement is crucial. This study identifies varying levels of designers’ involvement and the differences of design context construction. Three modes are illustrated: (1) patching-based, (2) intertwining-based, and (3) expanding-based design context construction. This study advances design theory, encouraging designers to engage in multi-level collaboration.