Self-Objectification Questionnaire-2 (SOQ-2)

doi:10.1017/9781009398275.115

Chapter 114 - Self-Objectification Questionnaire-2 (SOQ-2)

Published online by Cambridge University Press: aN Invalid Date NaN

Laura Vandenbosch and

Femke Konings

Edited by

Virginia Ramseyer Winter ,

Tracy L. Tylka and

Antoinette M. Landor

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Virginia Ramseyer Winter: Affiliation:
University of Minnesota
Tracy L. Tylka: Affiliation:
Ohio State University
Antoinette M. Landor: Affiliation:
University of Missouri

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Summary

The 12-item Self-Objectification Scale-2 (SOQ-2; Vandenbosch & Eggermont, 2012; original SOQ; Noll & Fredrickson, 1998) assesses the extent to which individuals self-objectify or have internalized an observer’s perspective on themselves. The SOQ-2 can be administered online and in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the original SOQ (Noll & Fredrickson, 1998) and the SOQ-2, and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the SOQ-2 has been found to have a two-factor structure including a competence- and appearance-based factor, within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and is fully invariant across nations, languages, gender identities, and age groups. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the SOQ-2. Next, this chapter provides the SOQ-2 items in their entirety, instructions for administering the SOQ-2 to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Translations are provided. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

Keywords

Self-Objectification Scale-2, SOQ-2 items self-objectification scale development psychometric evidence factor structure reliability validity administration scoring translations available

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Type: Chapter
Information: Handbook of Body Image-Related Measures , pp. 337 - 339

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009398275.115 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2025

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References

Calogero, R. M. (2011). Operationalizing self-objectification: Assessment and related methodological issues. In R. M. Calogero, S. Tantleff-Dunn, & J. K. Thompson (Eds.), Self-objectification in Women: Causes, Consequences, and Counteractions (pp. 23–49). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/12304-002.CrossRef Google Scholar

Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T.-A. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women’s lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(2), 173–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x.CrossRef Google Scholar

Karsay, K., Trekels, J., Eggermont, S., & Vandenbosch, L. (2021). “I (don’t) respect my body”: Investigating the role of mass media use and self-objectification on adolescents’ positive body image in a cross-national study. Mass Communication & Society, 24(1), 57–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2020.1827432.CrossRef Google Scholar

Noll, S. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). A mediational model linking self-objectification, body shame, and disordered eating. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 22(4), 623–636. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1998.tb00181.x.CrossRef Google Scholar

Vandenbosch, L., & Eggermont, S. (2016). The interrelated roles of mass media and social media in adolescents’ development of an objectified self-concept: A longitudinal study. Communication Research, 43(8), 1116–1140. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650215600488.CrossRef Google Scholar

Vandenbosch, L., Muise, A., Eggermont, S., & Impett, E. A. (2015). Sexualizing reality television: Associations with trait and state self-objectification. Body Image, 13, 62–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.01.003.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Vandenbosch, L., & Eggermont, S. (2013). Sexualization of adolescent boys: Media exposure and boys’ internalization of appearance ideals, self-objectification, and body surveillance. Men and Masculinities, 16(3), 283–306. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X13477866.CrossRef Google Scholar

Vandenbosch, L., & Eggermont, S. (2012). Understanding sexual objectification: A comprehensive approach toward media exposure and girls’ internalization of beauty ideals, self-objectification, and body surveillance. Journal of Communication, 62(5), 869–887. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01667.x.CrossRef Google Scholar

Vangeel, L., Trekels, J., Eggermont, S., & Vandenbosch, L. (2022). Adolescents’ objectification of their same-sex friends: Indirect relationships with media use through self-objectification, rewarded appearance ideals, and online appearance conversations. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 99(2), 538–562. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699020959723.CrossRef Google Scholar

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