Japan, along with Germany, played a central role in the Cold War. Both countries fought against the United States and its allies during World War II, and both emerged as key objectives and participants in the contest between the Soviet- and American-led blocs. As early as 1947, Under Secretary of State Dean Acheson declared that Western security required the restoration of these “two great workshops” of Europe and Asia. Yet, in spite of Japan’s dual role as prize and player, it differed in several ways from its European counterpart. Unlike Germany’s Social Democrats, the opposition Socialist Party in Japan rejected the legitimacy of a military alliance with the United States. Also, the insulation provided by its island status made Japanese less fearful than West Germans of a direct military threat from the Soviet Union.

During the early Cold War as well as its later stages, Japan occupied a distinct role vis-à-vis its Western allies and Communist enemies. Always more of an economic than a security partner, Japan formed both a pivot of US–led containment in East Asia and an occasional rival. If the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) served both to protect West Germany and control it, the United States’ so-called Pacific alliance with Japan similarly embodied a form of “double containment.” US forces in and around Japan shielded it from external threats while also tethering Japan, lest it slip from Washington’s orbit and gravitate toward neutralism or something worse.