Fluid and Transfusion Management

doi:10.1017/9781107707016.016

15 - Fluid and Transfusion Management

from Section 2 - Newborn and Infant Anesthesia

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 09 February 2018

Justin Long ,

Tiffany Frazee and

Hubert Benzon

Edited by

Mary Ellen McCann

Edited in association with

Christine Greco and

Kai Matthes

Show author details

Mary Ellen McCann: Affiliation:
Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Christine Greco: Affiliation:
Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Kai Matthes: Affiliation:
Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

Book contents

Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'

Information

Type: Chapter
Information: Essentials of Anesthesia for Infants and Neonates , pp. 137 - 156

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781107707016.016 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

1.Friis-Hansen, B. Body water compartments in children: changes during growth and related changes in body composition. Pediatrics. 1961;28:169–81.10.1542/peds.28.2.169CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

2.Hawkes, CP, Hourihane, JO, Kenny, LC, et al. Gender- and gestational age-specific body fat percentage at birth. Pediatrics. 2011;128(3):e645–51.10.1542/peds.2010-3856CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

3.Morgenstern, BZ, Mahoney, DW, Warady, BA. Estimating total body water in children on the basis of height and weight: a reevaluation of the formulas of Mellits and Cheek. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002. 13(7):1884–8.10.1097/01.ASN.0000019920.30041.95CrossRef Google Scholar

4.Linderkamp, O, Versmold, HT, Riegel, KP, Betke, K. Estimation and prediction of blood volume in infants and children. Eur J Pediatr. 1977;125(4):227–34.10.1007/BF00493567CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

5.Cassady, G. Plasma volume studies in low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 1966;38(6):1020–7.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

6.Feldschuh, J, Enson, Y. Prediction of the normal blood volume: relation of blood volume to body habitus. Circulation. 1977;56(4 Pt 1):605–12.10.1161/01.CIR.56.4.605CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

7.Schlondorff, D, Weber, H, Trizna, W, Fine, LG. Vasopressin responsiveness of renal adenylate cyclase in newborn rats and rabbits. Am J Physiol. 1978;234(1):F16–21.Google Scholar PubMed

8.Chawla, D, Agarwal, R, Deorari, AK, Paul, VK. Fluid and electrolyte management in term and preterm neonates. Indian J Pediatr. 2008;75(3):255–9.10.1007/s12098-008-0055-0CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

9.Aperia, A, Zetterstrom, R. Renal control of fluid homeostasis in the newborn infant. Clin Perinatol. 1982;9(3):523–33.10.1016/S0095-5108(18)31011-XCrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

10.Holliday, MA, Segar, WE. The maintenance need for water in parenteral fluid therapy. Pediatrics. 1957;19(5):823–32.10.1542/peds.19.5.823CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

11.Holliday, MA, Friedman, AL, Segar, WE, Chesney, R, Finberg, L. Acute hospital-induced hyponatremia in children: a physiologic approach. J Pediatr. 2004;145(5):584–7.10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.06.077CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

12.Furman, EB, Roman, DG, Lemmer, LA, et al. Specific therapy in water, electrolyte and blood-volume replacement during pediatric surgery. Anesthesiology. 1975;42(2):187–93.10.1097/00000542-197502000-00012CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

13.Berry, F. Practical aspects of fluid and electrolyte therapy. In Berry, F, editor. Anesthetic Management of Difficult and Routine Pediatric Patients. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1986; 107–35.Google Scholar

14.American Society of Anesthesiologists. Practice guidelines for preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration: application to healthy patients undergoing elective procedures: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Committee on Standards and Practice Parameters. Anesthesiology. 2011;114(3):495–511.10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181fcbfd9CrossRef Google Scholar

15.Jacob, M, Chappell, D, Conzen, P, Finsterer, U, Rehm, M. Blood volume is normal after pre-operative overnight fasting. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2008;52(4):522–9.10.1111/j.1399-6576.2008.01587.xCrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

16.Friedman, AL. Pediatric hydration therapy: historical review and a new approach. Kidney Int. 2005;67(1):380–8.10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00092.xCrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

17.Bell, EF, Warburton, D, Stonestreet, BS, Oh, W. Effect of fluid administration on the development of symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus and congestive heart failure in premature infants. N Engl J Med. 1980;302(11):598–604.10.1056/NEJM198003133021103CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

18.Srinivasan, G, Jain, R, Pildes, RS, Kannan, CR. Glucose homeostasis during anesthesia and surgery in infants. J Pediatr Surg. 1986;21(8):718–21.Google Scholar PubMed

19.Shires, T, Williams, J, Brown, F. Acute change in extracellular fluids associated with major surgical procedures. Ann Surg. 1961;154:803–10.10.1097/00000658-196111000-00005CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

20.Liumbruno, GM, Bennardello, F, Lattanzio, A, et al. Recommendations for the transfusion management of patients in the peri-operative period: II. The intra-operative period. Blood Transfus. 2011;9(2):189–217.Google Scholar PubMed

21.Mollitt, DL, Ballantine, TV, Grosfeld, JL, Quinter, P. A critical assessment of fluid requirements in gastroschisis. J Pediatr Surg. 1978;13(3):217–19.10.1016/S0022-3468(78)80389-3CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

22.Murat, I Dubois, MC. Perioperative fluid therapy in pediatrics. Paediatr Anaesth. 2008;18(5):363–70.10.1111/j.1460-9592.2008.02505.xCrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

23.Campbell, IT, Baxter, J, Tweedie, I, et al. IV fluids during surgery. Br J Anaesth. 1990;65(5):726–9.10.1093/bja/65.5.726CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

24.de Jonge, E Levi, M. Effects of different plasma substitutes on blood coagulation: a comparative review. Crit Care Med. 2001. 29(6):1261–7.10.1097/00003246-200106000-00038CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

25.Nearman, HS Herman, ML. Toxic effects of colloids in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Clin. 1991;7(3):713–23.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

26.De Gaudio, AR. Therapeutic use of albumin. Int J Artif Organs. 1995;18(4):216–24.10.1177/039139889501800407CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

27.Schwarz, U. Intraoperative fluid therapy in infants and young children. Anaesthesist. 1999;48(1):41–50.10.1007/s001010050667CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

28.Soderlind, M, Salvignol, G, Izard, P, Lönnqvist, PA. Use of albumin, blood transfusion and intraoperative glucose by APA and ADARPEF members: a postal survey. Paediatr Anaesth. 2001;11(6):685–9.10.1046/j.1460-9592.2001.00736.xCrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

29.Tobias, MD, Wambold, D, Pilla, MA, Greer, F. Differential effects of serial hemodilution with hydroxyethyl starch, albumin, and 0.9% saline on whole blood coagulation. J Clin Anesth. 1998;10(5):366–71.10.1016/S0952-8180(98)00034-8CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

30.McClelland, DB. Safety of human albumin as a constituent of biologic therapeutic products. Transfusion. 1998;38(7):690–9.10.1046/j.1537-2995.1998.38798346639.xCrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

31.Boldt, J, Knothe, C, Schindler, E, et al. Volume replacement with hydroxyethyl starch solution in children. Br J Anaesth. 1993;70(6):661–5.10.1093/bja/70.6.661CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

32.Riegger, LQ, Voepel-Lewis, T, Kulik, TJ, et al. Albumin versus crystalloid prime solution for cardiopulmonary bypass in young children. Crit Care Med. 2002;30(12):2649–54.10.1097/00003246-200212000-00007CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

33.B.H. Corporation. BUMINATE 5% [albumin (human)]: prescribing information, 2009.Google Scholar

34.B.H. Corporation. BUMINATE 25% [albumin (human)]: prescribing information, 2009.Google Scholar

35.Liumbruno, GM, Bennardello, F, Lattanzio, A, et al. Recommendations for the use of albumin and immunoglobulins. Blood Transfus. 2009;7(3):216–34.Google Scholar PubMed

36.Bailey, AG, McNaull, PP, Jooste, E, Tuchman, JB. Perioperative crystalloid and colloid fluid management in children: where are we and how did we get here? Anesth Analg. 2010;110(2):375–90.10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181b6b3b5CrossRef Google Scholar

37.Wilkes, MM, Navickis, RJ, Sibbald, WJ. Albumin versus hydroxyethyl starch in cardiopulmonary bypass surgery: a meta-analysis of postoperative bleeding. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001. 72(2):527–33.; discussion 534.10.1016/S0003-4975(01)02745-XCrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

38.Martin, G, Bennett-Guerrero, E, Wakeling, H, et al. A prospective, randomized comparison of thromboelastographic coagulation profile in patients receiving lactated Ringer’s solution, 6% hetastarch in a balanced-saline vehicle, or 6% hetastarch in saline during major surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2002;16(4):441–6.10.1053/jcan.2002.125146CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

39.Kozek-Langenecker, SA. Effects of hydroxyethyl starch solutions on hemostasis. Anesthesiology. 2005. 103(3):654–60.10.1097/00000542-200509000-00031CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

40.Fenger-Eriksen, C, Hartig Rasmussen, C, Kappel Jensen, T, et al. Renal effects of hypotensive anaesthesia in combination with acute normovolaemic haemodilution with hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 or isotonic saline. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2005;49(7):969–74.10.1111/j.1399-6576.2005.00714.xCrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

41.Liet, JM, Bellouin, AS, Boscher, C, Lejus, C, Rozé, JC. Plasma volume expansion by medium molecular weight hydroxyethyl starch in neonates: a pilot study. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2003;4(3):305–7.10.1097/01.PCC.0000074262.84240.1ECrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

42.Sumpelmann, R, Kretz, FJ, Luntzer, R, et al. Hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42/6:1 for perioperative plasma volume replacement in 1130 children: results of a European prospective multicenter observational postauthorization safety study (PASS). Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(4):371–8.10.1111/j.1460-9592.2011.03776.xCrossRef Google Scholar

43.Hospira. Hextend and 6% Hetastarch in 0.9% sodium chloride injection, 2006.Google Scholar

44.Hospira. Voluven (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 in 0.9% sodium chloride injection), for administration by intravenous infusion: Highlights Of Prescribing Information, FDA, 2007.Google Scholar

45.F.S. Communication. Hydroxyethyl starch solutions: FDA safety communication – boxed warning on increased mortality and severe renal injury and risk of bleeding, 2013.Google Scholar

46.Fisher, B, Thomas, D, Peterson, B. Hypertonic saline lowers raised intracranial pressure in children after head trauma. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 1992;4(1):4–10.10.1097/00008506-199201000-00002CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

47.Simma, B, Burger, R, Falk, M, Sacher, P, Fanconi, S. A prospective, randomized, and controlled study of fluid management in children with severe head injury: lactated Ringer’s solution versus hypertonic saline. Crit Care Med. 1998;26(7):1265–70.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

48.Peterson, B, Khanna, S, Fisher, B, Marshall, L. Prolonged hypernatremia controls elevated intracranial pressure in head-injured pediatric patients. Crit Care Med. 2000;28(4):1136–43.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

49.Junger, WG, Coimbra, R, Liu, FC, et al. Hypertonic saline resuscitation: a tool to modulate immune function in trauma patients? Shock. 1997;8(4):235–41.10.1097/00024382-199710000-00001CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

50.Snaith, R, Peutrell, J, Ellis, D. An audit of intravenous fluid prescribing and plasma electrolyte monitoring: a comparison with guidelines from the National Patient Safety Agency. Paediatr Anaesth. 2008;18(10):940–6.10.1111/j.1460-9592.2008.02698.xCrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

51.Arieff, AI, Ayus, JC, Fraser, CL. Hyponatraemia and death or permanent brain damage in healthy children. BMJ. 1992;304(6836):1218–22.10.1136/bmj.304.6836.1218CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

52.Choong, K, Kho, M, Menon, K, Bohn, D. Hypotonic versus isotonic saline in hospitalised children: a systematic review. Arch Dis Child. 2006;91(10):828–35.10.1136/adc.2005.088690CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

53.Foster, BA, Tom, D, Hill, V. Hypotonic versus isotonic fluids in hospitalized children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pediatr. 2014;165:163–9.10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.01.040CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

54.Choong, K, Arora, S, Cheng, J, et al. Hypotonic versus isotonic maintenance fluids after surgery for children: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2011;128(5):857–66.10.1542/peds.2011-0415CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

55.Oski, FA. The unique fetal red cell and its function. E. Mead Johnson Award address. Pediatrics. 1973;51(3):494–500.10.1542/peds.51.3.494CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

56.Kirpalani, H, Whyte, RK, Andersen, C, et al. The Premature Infants in Need of Transfusion (PINT) study: a randomized, controlled trial of a restrictive (low) versus liberal (high) transfusion threshold for extremely low birth weight infants. J Pediatr. 2006;149(3):301–7.10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.05.011CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

57.Bell, EF, Strauss, RG, Widness, JA, et al. Randomized trial of liberal versus restrictive guidelines for red blood cell transfusion in preterm infants. Pediatrics. 2005;115(6):1685–91.10.1542/peds.2004-1884CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

58.DePalma, L, Luban, NL. Blood component therapy in the perinatal period: guidelines and recommendations. Semin Perinatol. 1990;14(5):403–15.Google Scholar PubMed

59.Stockman, JA, 3rd, Graeber, JE, Clark, DA, et al. Anemia of prematurity: determinants of the erythropoietin response. J Pediatr. 1984;105(5):786–92.10.1016/S0022-3476(84)80308-XCrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

60.Ramasethu, J, Luban, N. Red blood cell transfusion in the newborn. Semin Neonatol. 1999;4:5–16.10.1016/S1084-2756(99)80003-7CrossRef Google Scholar

61.Strauss, RG. Transfusion therapy in neonates. Am J Dis Child. 1991;145(8):904–11.Google Scholar PubMed

62.Roseff, SD, Luban, NL, Manno, CS. Guidelines for assessing appropriateness of pediatric transfusion. Transfusion. 2002. 42(11):1398–413.10.1046/j.1537-2995.2002.00208.xCrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

63.Desmet, L, Lacroix, J. Transfusion in pediatrics. Crit Care Clin. 2004;20(2):299–311.10.1016/S0749-0704(03)00113-1CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

64.Hebert, PC, Wells, G, Blajchman, M, et al. A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care: transfusion requirements in critical care investigators, Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(6):409–17.10.1056/NEJM199902113400601CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

65.Lacroix, J, Hebert, PC, Hutchison, JS. Transfusion strategies for patients in pediatric intensive care units. N Engl J Med 2007;356(16):1609–19.10.1056/NEJMoa066240CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

66.Mauermann, W, Haile, D, Flick, R. Blood conservation. In Davis, P,Cladis, F, Motoyama, E, editors. Smith’s Anesthesia for Infants and Children. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2011; 395–417.10.1016/B978-0-323-06612-9.00014-6CrossRef Google Scholar

67.Hahn, E, Gillespie, E. Sickle cell anemia. Arch Intern Med. 1927; 39:233–4.10.1001/archinte.1927.00130020072006CrossRef Google Scholar

68.Shapiro, ND Poe, MF. Sickle-cell disease: an anesthesiological problem. Anesthesiology. 1955;16(5):771–80.10.1097/00000542-195509000-00017CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

69.Bhattacharyya, N, Wayne, AS, Kevy, SV, Shamberger, RC. Perioperative management for cholecystectomy in sickle cell disease. J Pediatr Surg. 1993;28(1):72–5.10.1016/S0022-3468(05)80359-8CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

70.Firth, PG, Head, CA. Sickle cell disease and anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 2004. 101(3):766–85.10.1097/00000542-200409000-00027CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

71.Kokoska, ER, West, KW, Carney, DE, et al. Risk factors for acute chest syndrome in children with sickle cell disease undergoing abdominal surgery. J Pediatr Surg. 2004;39(6):848–50.10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2004.02.027CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

72.Muncie, HL Jr., Campbell, J. Alpha and beta thalassemia. Am Fam Physician. 2009;80(4):339–44.Google Scholar PubMed

73.Rund, D Rachmilewitz, E. Beta-thalassemia. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(11):1135–46.10.1056/NEJMra050436CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

74.Old, J, Olivieri, N, Thein, S. Diagnosis and management of thalassaemia. In Weatherall, D, Clegg, B, editors. The Thalassaemia Syndromes. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 2001; 630–85.Google Scholar

75.Modell, B, Khan, M, Darlison, M. Survival in beta-thalassaemia major in the UK: data from the UK Thalassaemia Register. Lancet. 2000;355(9220):2051–2.10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02357-6CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

76.Sissons, JG, Carmichael, AJ. Clinical aspects and management of cytomegalovirus infection. J Infect. 2002. 44(2):78–83.10.1053/jinf.2001.0949CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

77.Zaia, JA, Sissons, JG, Riddell, S, et al. Status of cytomegalovirus prevention and treatment in 2000. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2000;2000:339–55.10.1182/asheducation.V2000.1.339.339CrossRef Google Scholar

78.Yeager, AS, Grumet, FC, Hafleigh, EB, et al. Prevention of transfusion-acquired cytomegalovirus infections in newborn infants. J Pediatr. 1981;98(2):281–7.10.1016/S0022-3476(81)80662-2CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

79.Fergusson, D, Hébert, PC, Barrington, KJ, Shapiro, SH. Effectiveness of WBC reduction in neonates: what is the evidence of benefit? Transfusion. 2002;42(2):159–65.10.1046/j.1537-2995.2002.00022.xCrossRef Google Scholar

80.Billingham, RE. The biology of graft-versus-host reactions. Harvey Lect. 1966;62:21–78.Google Scholar PubMed

81.Schroeder, ML. Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease. Br J Haematol. 2002;117(2):275–87.10.1046/j.1365-2141.2002.03450.xCrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

82.McVay, PA, Toy, PT. Lack of increased bleeding after paracentesis and thoracentesis in patients with mild coagulation abnormalities. Transfusion. 1991;31(2):164–71.10.1046/j.1537-2995.1991.31291142949.xCrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

83.Chan, KH, Mann, KS, Chan, TK. The significance of thrombocytopenia in the development of postoperative intracranial hematoma. J Neurosurg. 1989;71(1):38–41.10.3171/jns.1989.71.1.0038CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

84.Sacher, RA, Luban, NL, Strauss, RG. Current practice and guidelines for the transfusion of cellular blood components in the newborn. Transfus Med Rev. 1989;3(1):39–54.10.1016/S0887-7963(89)70067-5CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

85.Andrew, M Brooker, L, Hemorrhagic complications in the newborn. In Petz, L, et al., editors. Clinical Practice of Transfusion Medicine. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1996; 647–84.Google Scholar

86.Fasano, R Luban, NL. Blood component therapy. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2008;55(2):421–45.10.1016/j.pcl.2008.01.006CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

87.Heddle, NM, Wu, C, Vassallo, R, et al. Adjudicating bleeding events in a platelet dose study: impact on outcome results and challenges. Transfusion. 2011;51(11):2304–10.10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03181.xCrossRef Google Scholar

88.Estcourt, LJ, Stanworth, SJ, Murphy, MF. Prophylactic platelet transfusions. Curr Opin Hematol. 2010;17(5):411–17.10.1097/MOH.0b013e32833c07e8CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

89.Konig, G, Yazer, MH, Waters, JH. Stored platelet functionality is not decreased after warming with a fluid warmer. Anesth Analg. 2013; 117(3):575–8.10.1213/ANE.0b013e31829cfdfaCrossRef Google Scholar

90.Stanworth, SJ, Brunskill, SJ, Hyde, CJ, Murphy, MF, McClelland, DB. Appraisal of the evidence for the clinical use of FFP and plasma fractions. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2006;19(1):67–82.10.1016/j.beha.2005.01.036CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

91.Manco-Johnson, MJ, Riske, B, Kasper, CK. Advances in care of children with hemophilia. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2003;29(6):585–94.Google Scholar PubMed

92.Federici, AB. Management of von Willebrand disease with factor VIII/von Willebrand factor concentrates: results from current studies and surveys. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2005;16(Suppl. 1):S17–21.10.1097/01.mbc.0000167658.85143.49CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

93.Soucie, JM, Evatt, B, Jackson, D. Occurrence of hemophilia in the United States: The Hemophilia Surveillance System Project Investigators. Am J Hematol. 1998;59(4):288–94.10.1002/(SICI)1096-8652(199812)59:4<288::AID-AJH4>3.0.CO;2-I3.0.CO;2-I>CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

94.Brown, DL. Congenital bleeding disorders. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2005;35(2):38–62.Google Scholar PubMed

95.Martlew, VJ. Peri-operative management of patients with coagulation disorders. Br J Anaesth. 2000;85(3):446–55.10.1093/bja/85.3.446CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

96.Sutor, AH. Desmopressin (DDAVP) in bleeding disorders of childhood. Semin Thromb Hemost. 1998;24(6):555–66.10.1055/s-2007-996055CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

97.Richardson, DW Robinson, AG. Desmopressin. Ann Intern Med. 1985;103(2):228–39.10.7326/0003-4819-103-2-228CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

98.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Red blood cell transfusions contaminated with Yersinia enterocolitica – United States, 1991–1996, and initiation of a national study to detect bacteria-associated transfusion reactions. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1997;46(24):553–5.Google Scholar

99.Goodnough, LT, Brecher, ME, Kanter, MH, AuBuchon, JP. Transfusion medicine. Second of two parts – blood conservation. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(7):525–33.Google Scholar PubMed

100.Goldman, M Blajchman, MA. Blood product-associated bacterial sepsis. Transfus Med Rev. 1991;5(1):73–83.10.1016/S0887-7963(91)70194-6CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

101.Bhananker, SM, Ramamoorthy, C, Geiduschek, JM, et al. Anesthesia-related cardiac arrest in children: update from the Pediatric Perioperative Cardiac Arrest Registry. Anesth Analg. 2007;105(2):344–50.10.1213/01.ane.0000268712.00756.ddCrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

102.The Pediatric Anesthesia Quality Improvement Initiative. Hyperkalemia Statement, 2011. Available at: http://wakeupsafe.org/Hyperkalemia_statement.pdf.Google Scholar

103.Bunker, JP. Metabolic effects of blood transfusion. Anesthesiology. 1966;27(4):446–55.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

104.Dzik, WH Kirkley, SA. Citrate toxicity during massive blood transfusion. Transfus Med Rev. 1988;2(2):76–94.10.1016/S0887-7963(88)70035-8CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

105.Davis, PJ, Cook, DR. Anesthetic problems in pediatric liver transplantation. Transplant Proc. 1989;21(3):3493–6.Google Scholar PubMed

106.Kleinman, S, Caulfield, T, Chan, P, et al. Toward an understanding of transfusion-related acute lung injury: statement of a consensus panel. Transfusion. 2004;44(12):1774–89.10.1111/j.0041-1132.2004.04347.xCrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

107.Mark, JB. Central venous pressure monitoring: clinical insights beyond the numbers. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 1991;5(2):163–73.10.1016/1053-0770(91)90333-OCrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

108.Greenberg, S, Murphy, G, Vender, J. Standard monitoring techniques. In Barash, P, et al., editors. Clinical Anesthesia. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2009; 697–714.Google Scholar

109.Maecken, T, Grau, T. Ultrasound imaging in vascular access. Crit Care Med. 2007;35(5 Suppl):S178–85.10.1097/01.CCM.0000260629.86351.A5CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

110.Westergaard, B, Classen, V, Walther-Larsen, S. Peripherally inserted central catheters in infants and children: indications, techniques, complications and clinical recommendations. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2013;57(3):278–87.10.1111/aas.12024CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

111.Lloyd, TR, Donnerstein, RL, Berg, RA. Accuracy of central venous pressure measurement from the abdominal inferior vena cava. Pediatrics. 1992. 89(3):506–8.10.1542/peds.89.3.506CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

112.Amar, D, Melendez, JA, Zhang, H, et al. Correlation of peripheral venous pressure and central venous pressure in surgical patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2001;15(1):40–3.10.1053/jcan.2001.20271CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

113.Amoozgar, H, Ajami, G, Borzuoee, M, et al. Peripheral venous pressure as a predictor of central venous pressure in continuous monitoring in children. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2011;13(5):342–5.Google Scholar PubMed

114.Anter, AM, Bondok, RS. Peripheral venous pressure is an alternative to central venous pressure in paediatric surgery patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2004;48(9):1101–4.10.1111/j.1399-6576.2004.00503.xCrossRef Google Scholar

115.Ng, L, Khine, H, Taragin, BH, et al. Does bedside sonographic measurement of the inferior vena cava diameter correlate with central venous pressure in the assessment of intravascular volume in children? Pediatr Emerg Care. 2013;29(3):337–41.10.1097/PEC.0b013e31828512a5CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

116.Al-Khafaji, A, Webb, A. Fluid resuscitation. BJA, Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain. 2004;4:127–31.Google Scholar

117.Tibby, SM, Hatherill, M, Marsh, MJ, et al. Clinical validation of cardiac output measurements using femoral artery thermodilution with direct Fick in ventilated children and infants. Intensive Care Med. 1997;23(9):987–91.10.1007/s001340050443CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

118.Schiffmann, H, Erdlenbruch, B, Singer, D, et al. Assessment of cardiac output, intravascular volume status, and extravascular lung water by transpulmonary indicator dilution in critically ill neonates and infants. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2002;16(5):592–7.10.1053/jcan.2002.126954CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

119.Introna, RP, Martin, DC, Pruett, JK, Philpot, TE, Johnston, JF. Percutaneous pulmonary artery catheterization in pediatric cardiovascular anesthesia: insertion techniques and use. Anesth Analg. 1990;70(5):562–6.10.1213/00000539-199005000-00016CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

120.Michard, F. Changes in arterial pressure during mechanical ventilation. Anesthesiology. 2005;103(2):419–28.; quiz 449–5.10.1097/00000542-200508000-00026CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

121.Durand, P, Chevret, L, Essouri, S, Haas, V, Devictor, D. Respiratory variations in aortic blood flow predict fluid responsiveness in ventilated children. Intensive Care Med. 2008;34(5):888–94.10.1007/s00134-008-1021-zCrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

122.Rick, JJ, Burke, SS. Respirator paradox. South Med J. 1978;71(11):1376–8.10.1097/00007611-197811000-00018CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

123.Arant, BS, Jr. Postnatal development of renal function during the first year of life. Pediatr Nephrol. 1987;1(3):308–13.10.1007/BF00849229CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

124.Singh, S, Kuschner, WG, Lighthall, G. Perioperative intravascular fluid assessment and monitoring: a narrative review of established and emerging techniques. Anesthesiol Res Pract. 2011;2011:231493.Google Scholar PubMed

125.Benkhadra, M, Collignon, M, Fournel, I, et al. Ultrasound guidance allows faster peripheral IV cannulation in children under 3 years of age with difficult venous access: a prospective randomized study. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(5):449–54.10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03830.xCrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

126.Bellotti, GA, Bedford, RF, Arnold, WP. Fiberoptic transillumination for intravenous cannulation under general anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 1981;60(5):348–51.10.1213/00000539-198105000-00014CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

127.Lenhardt, R, Seybold, T, Kimberger, O, Stoiser, B, Sessler, DI. Local warming and insertion of peripheral venous cannulas: single blinded prospective randomised controlled trial and single blinded randomised crossover trial. BMJ. 2002;325(7361):409–10.10.1136/bmj.325.7361.409CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

128.Teillol-Foo, WL, Kassab, JY. Topical glyceryl trinitrate and eutectic mixture of local anaesthetics in children: a randomised controlled trial on choice of site and ease of venous cannulation. Anaesthesia. 1991;46(10):881–4.10.1111/j.1365-2044.1991.tb09610.xCrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

129.Chiao, FB, Resta-Flarer, F, Lesser, J, et al. Vein visualization: patient characteristic factors and efficacy of a new infrared vein finder technology. Br J Anaesth. 2013;110(6):966–71.10.1093/bja/aet003CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

130.Butler-O’Hara, M, Buzzard, CJ, Reubens, L, et al. A randomized trial comparing long-term and short-term use of umbilical venous catheters in premature infants with birth weights of less than 1251 grams. Pediatrics. 2006;118(1):e25–35.10.1542/peds.2005-1880CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

131.Nicolson, SC, Sweeney, MF, Moore, RA, Jobes, DR. Comparison of internal and external jugular cannulation of the central circulation in the pediatric patient. Crit Care Med. 1985;13(9):747–9.10.1097/00003246-198509000-00011CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

132.Garcia-Teresa, MA, Casado-Flores, J, Delgado Domínguez, MA, et al. Infectious complications of percutaneous central venous catheterization in pediatric patients: a Spanish multicenter study. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33(3):466–76.10.1007/s00134-006-0508-8CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

133.Karapinar, B, Cura, A. Complications of central venous catheterization in critically ill children. Pediatr Int. 2007;49(5):593–9.10.1111/j.1442-200X.2007.02407.xCrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

134.Casado-Flores, J, Barja, J, Martino, R, Serrano, A, Valdivielso, A. Complications of central venous catheterization in critically ill children. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2001;2(1):57–62.10.1097/00130478-200101000-00012CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

135.de Jonge, RC, Polderman, KH, Gemke, RJ. Central venous catheter use in the pediatric patient: mechanical and infectious complications. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2005;6(3):329–39.10.1097/01.PCC.0000161074.94315.0ACrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

136.Ellemunter, H, Simma, B, Trawoger, R, Maurer, H. Intraosseous lines in preterm and full term neonates. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1999;80(1):F74–5.10.1136/fn.80.1.F74CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

137.Jaimovich, DG, Kecskes, S. Intraosseous infusion: a re-discovered procedure as an alternative for pediatric vascular access. Indian J Pediatr. 1991;58(3):329–34.10.1007/BF02754960CrossRef Google Scholar

138.Rajani, AK, Chitkara, R, Oehlert, J, et al. Comparison of umbilical venous and intraosseous access during simulated neonatal resuscitation. Pediatrics. 2011;128(4):e954–8.10.1542/peds.2011-0657CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

139.Stewart, FC, Kain, ZN. Intraosseous infusion: elective use in pediatric anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 1992. 75(4):626–9.10.1213/00000539-199210000-00029CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

140.Galpin, RD, Kronick, JB, Willis, RB, Frewen, TC. Bilateral lower extremity compartment syndromes secondary to intraosseous fluid resuscitation. J Pediatr Orthop. 1991;11(6):773–6.10.1097/01241398-199111000-00014CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Accessibility standard: Unknown

Accessibility compliance for the PDF of this book is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.