To save content items to your account,
please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies.
If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account.
Find out more about saving content to .
To save content items to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org
is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings
on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part
of your Kindle email address below.
Find out more about saving to your Kindle.
Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations.
‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi.
‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.
Signet rings and seals become, in tholoi and chamber tombs, one of the principal indicators of the status of the deceased. It is sometimes difficult to determine exactly which products belong to this period. Pure Late Minoan (LM) II/Late Helladic (LH) IIB–IIIA1 contexts are rare, and the seals found in them could of course be antiques. Inversely, seals from this period could have been used later, until the end of the Mycenaean palaces, like those used to imprint a number of sealings (Figure 37.6) found in the Pylos palace (Pini 1997, 82–91). Furthermore, it is nearly impossible to distinguish between Minoan seals and Mycenaean ones: the Knossian workshops and those of the main Mycenaean centres use the same techniques and motifs, and the circulation of objects between Crete and mainland Greece prevents us from using provenance as a decisive criterion.
Determining the biocomponents in liquid fuels using radiocarbon radioisotope (14C) dating requires sample preparation adaptations to the conditions of the Gliwice Radiocarbon and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory. Liquid scintillation counting (LSC), and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) were investigated using six samples, including one 14C-free fuel and modern hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO). For AMS, samples were prepared using tin capsules for liquids for EA combustion and graphitization in an AGE system. For LSC, liquid fuels were prepared by mixing with purified preheated sand and a benzene synthesis line. Benzene resublimation was also tested. IRMS measurements were also conducted for benzene to account for isotopic fractionation. Sample background measurements using both methods showed good performances by both AMS and LSC without resublimation. Comparable results were also obtained for HVO.
The dating of pollen grains is emerging as the method of choice for lacustrine climate archives that contain few datable macrofossils. Due to the need for high-purity pollen concentrates, new methods are constantly being developed to precisely separate pollen grains. Flow cytometry represents a promising alternative to conventional approaches, enabling the identification of pollen grains through fluorescence and rapid separation for radiocarbon analysis using accelerator mass spectrometry, which has so far been limited to sediments with a high proportion of conifer pollen. We present a revised method for processing large sediment samples, resulting in high-purity pollen and spore concentrates. Using this approach small- to medium-sized pollen and bryophyte spores were isolated from Lake Van sediment samples (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey) in sufficient purity for radiocarbon dating. However, a systematic age discrepancy between pollen and bryophyte spore concentrates was noted. By adapting the chemical and cytometric methods, pure pollen concentrates can be created for sediments with low organic content enabling age determination of climate archives with a low proportion of large pollen or low pollen concentration.
Little is known about the early history of the chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus), including the timing and circumstances of its introduction into new cultural environments. To evaluate its spatio-temporal spread across Eurasia and north-west Africa, the authors radiocarbon dated 23 chicken bones from presumed early contexts. Three-quarters returned dates later than those suggested by stratigraphy, indicating the importance of direct dating. The results indicate that chickens did not arrive in Europe until the first millennium BC. Moreover, a consistent time-lag between the introduction of chickens and their consumption by humans suggests that these animals were initially regarded as exotica and only several centuries later recognised as a source of ‘food’.
Material culture studies is an interdisciplinary field that examines the relationships between people and their things: the production, history, preservation, and interpretation of objects. It draws on theory and practice from disciplines in the social sciences and humanities, such as anthropology, archaeology, history, and museum studies. Written by leading international scholars, this Handbook provides a comprehensive view of developments, methodologies and theories. It is divided into five broad themes, embracing both classic and emerging areas of research in the field. Chapters outline transformative moments in material culture scholarship, and present research from around the world, focusing on multiple material and digital media that show the scope and breadth of this exciting field. Written in an easy-to-read style, it is essential reading for students, researchers and professionals with an interest in material culture.
In 1998 a massive gold signet ring was found by metal detecting in the parish of Raglan, Monmouthshire (Gwent), close to Raglan Castle. Now generally known as the Raglan ring, it is a remarkable example of late medieval goldsmiths’ work. This paper considers its motifs, legend, date and stylistic affinities. Its findspot is close to the castle-building programme at Raglan continued by William Herbert (executed 1469), who projected his position as premier supporter of the House of York in a variety of ways. Possible ownership is discussed, as is its wider context (including newly discovered signet rings from Wales).
Durante el Holoceno tardío en el archipiélago patagónico septentrional (~41°30′-47°S), convergerían sistemas culturales diferenciados, interrelacionándose grupos con tradiciones culturales portadoras de cerámica y economías basadas en la producción de alimentos (hortícolas) con grupos de cazadores-recolectores-pescadores marinos presentes desde el Holoceno medio. En este trabajo se evalúa los cambios y continuidades en los patrones de subsistencia y dieta de los grupos que ocuparon este archipiélago a lo largo de su secuencia de ocupación, de acuerdo a los resultados del análisis de los valores de δ13C y δ15N correspondiente a restos humanos de 27 individuos (~4400-150 años cal aP) del Archipiélago de Chiloé (~41°30´-43°S), los que son integrados con la información obtenida anteriormente de 36 individuos (~2000-300 años cal aP) provenientes del Archipiélago de los Chonos (~43°-47°S), así como con muestras complementarias de algas y arqueofauna. A partir de la dieta estimada de 63 individuos, se sugiere una baja intensidad de la interacción de estas trayectorias culturales a lo largo del tiempo en el archipiélago patagónico septentrional con continuidad de los sistemas de caza, pesca y recolección marina. Luego del contacto europeo, se reflejarían los mayores cambios en la subsistencia de estos grupos humanos, especialmente en el Archipiélago de Chiloé.
Este artículo explora las manifestaciones arqueológicas del poder y de la diferenciación social en las sociedades muiscas que habitaron el norte del Altiplano Cundiboyacense, centro de Colombia, y que fueron descritas por los españoles del siglo dieciséis como grupos profundamente jerárquicos e inequitativos. Se analiza aquí la relación entre la diferenciación social y las condiciones de vida de las personas sepultadas en el Cercado Grande de los Santuarios, un importante centro político y ritual prehispánico, y se aborda a través de indicadores de diferenciación social. Estos últimos se expresan en el ajuar (presencia o ausencia de vasijas, composición), en la modificación craneal artificial, y mediante indicadores óseos y dentales de estrés fisiológico (hiperostosis porótica, cribra orbitalia, hipoplasia del esmalte dental, reacción perióstica) y de actividad física (cambios entesiales y enfermedad articular degenerativa). Los resultados permiten sugerir que la población no exhibía diferencias importantes en sus condiciones de vida. De acuerdo con los indicadores analizados, si existió diferenciación social, esta no estuvo acompañada de una distinción en las tareas propias de la vida cotidiana que conllevara una separación del grupo dominante.
Processual models of the early state envisioned hierarchical societies with stable social and political structures. More recent research, however, has questioned this vision. Here, the authors explore Middle Horizon (AD 700–1000) Wari state iconography to provide an example of early state social and political organisation from the Central Andes. Social network analysis (SNA) of human figures (‘agents’) depicted in Wari art identifies links between individual agents, as visualised on objects and between the objects’ findspots. The results suggest that the Wari state was more heterarchical than previously imagined. Similar applications of SNA could be used to explore the iconographic evidence of other early, pre-literate states around the world.
The dating and routes by which humans colonised South America continue to be debated. Recent research in Uruguay has yielded new Palaeoindian lithic finds from the southern shores of the coastal Merín Lagoon. The author's analysis of a group of Fell points—comparable to other regional examples—shows that this widespread artefact was produced using locally available materials and that they were repeatedly resharpened and repaired until no longer functional. The finds from the Merín Lagoon permit consideration of changing sea levels and their influence on colonisation routes, resource exploitation and archaeological preservation. The Atlantic coastline may have been one possible route of entry for early colonisers of South America.