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125584 results in Asian Studies

Page 1840 of 6280

  • Chapter 3 - Trade and manufacture, 1860–1945:

  • B. R. Tomlinson, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
  • Book:
    The Economy of Modern India
    Published online:
    05 April 2013
    Print publication:
    25 April 2013, pp 77-130

  • Summary

    The structure and performance of firms and markets for trade and manufacture in colonial India after 1860 were heavily influenced by institutional developments that had occurred in the first century of British rule. The history of Indian industry across the nineteenth century has often been analysed in terms of deindustrialisation, with British rule seen as destroying handicraft industries and ruining their workforce by commercialising agriculture. In contrast to Bombay, the industrial history of eastern India was heavily influenced by the emergence of managing agency firms run by British expatriates, which represent the classic colonial business sector in India. The Tata Iron and Steel Company has been widely regarded as a unique example of a successful large-scale, innovative industrial enterprise in India, and one that was set up and run under Indian leadership, with Indian capital and largely with Indian labour. Revenue tariffs became an essential source of income for the Government of India during and after the First World War.

  • Chapter 4 - The state and the economy, 1939–1980

  • B. R. Tomlinson, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
  • Book:
    The Economy of Modern India
    Published online:
    05 April 2013
    Print publication:
    25 April 2013, pp 131-181

  • Summary

    This chapter considers the wartime controls and the crucial transition years from 1945 to 1952 in some detail. It evaluates the severe dislocations of economic activity and the intense fluctuations in policy that they caused. The central problem was severe inflation, caused by the financing of military expenditure during the Second World War. In theory the cost of the war was to be met by taxation in India and reimbursement from Britain. Land reform was endorsed by the First Five Year Plan in 1952, but within central government there was more concern with other issues. The rise in food prices, and the crisis of 1965-57, pushed the Indian government down a new path to agricultural development, a path that became a highway with the coming of the 'green revolution' in Indian agriculture. Between the 1940s and the 1970s, a particular type of economy emerged in India in which official planning and government economic management played a crucial part.

  • Chapter 1 - Introduction:

  • B. R. Tomlinson, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
  • Book:
    The Economy of Modern India
    Published online:
    05 April 2013
    Print publication:
    25 April 2013, pp 1-23

  • Summary

    Modern India is a country where economic history is important: current issues and problems, and many of the institutions and systems that shape the contemporary economy, are closely linked to the legacy of the past. Evidence suggests that some growth, capital accumulation, technical change and innovation occurred in colonial South Asia, but despite these signs of dynamism, the Indian economy did not experience anything that can properly be called 'development' under British rule. It is argued that the British rule brought about a process of economic change in South Asia which had some dynamic features, but that these were functionally determined to serve the needs of the metropolitan economy and so established a dependent form of underdevelopment. British imperialism had a very important impact on the economic history of modern South Asia, but it was not the only reason for the phenomenon of limited growth without development.

  • Chapter 2 - Agriculture, 1860–1950:

  • B. R. Tomlinson, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
  • Book:
    The Economy of Modern India
    Published online:
    05 April 2013
    Print publication:
    25 April 2013, pp 24-76

  • Summary

    Inadequate agricultural production lay at the heart of India's development problems in the colonial period. Between 1765 and 1820, the British East India Company created a regime that exercised political domination in most of peninsular South Asia. The most obvious impact of British institutions on the rural economy during the nineteenth century of colonial rule was through the imposition of new systems of land revenue and land ownership. After 1939, the depression of demand and activity in the rural economy was replaced by a sharp expansion fuelled by considerable monetary inflation, which lasted throughout the Second World War and the period of economic reconstruction and political crisis from 1945 to 1950. Many historians of rural South Asia have pointed out that Indian agriculture was consistently undercapitalised throughout the modern period. Opportunities for market-based growth in agriculture were always limited, and were only securely based in ecologically balanced areas growing crops for which there was substantial demand.

  • SEA volume 44 issue 2 Cover and Front matter

  • Journal:
    Journal of Southeast Asian Studies / Volume 44 / Issue 2 / June 2013
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    22 April 2013, pp. f1-f5
    Print publication:
    June 2013
    • Article
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  • Shari'at and Muslim community in colonial Punjab, 1865–1885

  • ROBERT IVERMEE
  • Journal:
    Modern Asian Studies / Volume 48 / Issue 4 / July 2014
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    22 April 2013, pp. 1068-1095

  • This paper argues that concerns for the government appointment of qazis, officers for the administration of Muslim law, and the greater application of shari'at critically shaped Muslim community formation in later nineteenth century Punjab. Between 1865 and 1885, Punjabi Muslim elites attested the necessity of qazis being appointed by government and Muslim law being administered in the colonial judicial system. With the support of Gottlieb Leitner, registrar of the Punjab University College, Muslim parties used the emergent associations of Punjab civil society, including the Anjuman-i-Punjab (Lahore) and Anjuman-i-Islam (Lahore), to assert the indispensability of religious law. In doing so, they challenged the Anglo-Indian decision to prioritize customary law in the Punjab and advanced the religious group as the basic social unit of Punjab society. In Punjab public spaces, the relevance of Islam was proclaimed, challenging the professed Anglo-Indian distinction between private and public, religious and secular spheres. However, demands for qazi appointment and the administration of shari'at problematize well-rehearsed arguments about the relationships between family, community, state and religion in colonial Punjab. Only through an enquiry into the two decades after 1865 may later political campaigns for the application of shari'at be understood.

  • Women in the Malayan Communist Party, 1942–89

  • Mahani Musa
  • Journal:
    Journal of Southeast Asian Studies / Volume 44 / Issue 2 / June 2013
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    22 April 2013, pp. 226-249
    Print publication:
    June 2013

  • Women's involvement in the Malayan Communist Party (MCP) since its establishment in 1930 until they laid down their arms in 1989 contributed much to the strength of the party. Women in the MCP have been presented largely as nurses, cooks, seamstresses, couriers, and wireless/radio operators, but they went through hardship and danger and fought the same battles as the male guerrillas. A few even climbed to the top party posts through hard work, intelligence and personal sacrifice. This paper recovers the role of women in the Malayan communist movement during the Second World War, the Emergency and after by tracing the careers and lives of party heroines / female role models as well as some ordinary cadres. Major questions include the motivations of women who joined the MCP and the challenges they faced in their roles as propagandists, comrades, guerrilla fighters and in the communist villages. This investigation provides more insight into how the revolutionary struggle transformed these Malayan women.

Page 1840 of 6280