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The year 2012 was fascinating for domestic politics and international relations in Northeast Asia. Perhaps most notably, every country in the region experienced a change of leadership. China, Russia, North Korea, South Korea, and Japan all saw new leaders begin their tenure. In addition, regional relations took a turn for the worse, with numerous countries engaging in territorial and maritime disputes, disagreeing over interpretations of their shared histories.
The 2002 pogrom in the Indian state of Gujarat, and especially in its largest city, Ahmedabad, left about 1,000 Muslims dead in the city, another 1,000 dead in the state, and about 140,000 homeless, some of them still living in relief camps today. The killing, one of the worst in India since partition in 1947, drew responses of horror from across India and the world. Although the assault on Muslims followed an apparent (all the facts will never be known) assault on Hindu pilgrims travelling through the railway station at Godhra, in eastern Gujarat, in which fifty-nine Hindus burned to death, most observers have argued that the response was not commensurate with the attack, and, of course, it targeted not the criminals who may have set the fire, but a community of Muslims 100 miles away.
Economic growth in India has accelerated dramatically since 1980 and has been sustained without any serious interruptions. Per capita national income began to rise steadily in the 1980s and 1990s, and took off to unprecedented levels during the first decade of the new millennium. The pattern of growth in the Indian economy was driven by the dynamism of the services sector increased agricultural output, industrial production or commodity exports. India achieved the goal of food security in the 1970s. The development of manufacturing industry in the period of economic reforms was initially shaped by the long years of planning for a self-reliant economy. The growth of the service sector has been the most distinctive feature of the Indian economy over the last thirty years. The policy reforms of the 1980s and 1990s had their origins in a series of decisions to stimulate economic growth as a way of solving the entrenched economic and political problems of the 1970s.