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The flexible microactuator (FMA) is a novel pneumaticrubber actuator developed for use in microrobots. Thispaper reports on integrated FMA systems to achievedistributed motion as occurs in intestinal villi, and withmulti-legged arthropods such as centipedes.
For the purpose of miniaturization and integration of FMAs, the authors focussed on two technical issues: A new fabrication process based on stereo lithography and a new FMA design called a restraint beam FMA. Stereo lithography enables fabrication of micro-structures with rubber-like materials suitable for integrated FMAs. The restraint beam FMA makes it possible to fabricate FMAs from a single material, allowing stereo lithography to be used.
As examples of integrated FMA systems, four prototypes are shown: a 5 × 5 FMA array, a 3 × 3 FMA array which has pneumatic circuits at its base, a pipe interior mobile robot, and an amusement system consisting of 30 FMAs, which demonstrates ball handling ability.
Using a functional architecture such as the NASA/NIST Standard Reference Model for Telerobot Control System Architecture (NASREM) to implement specific applications is helpful because much of the work resides in the infrastructure and the infrastructure is the same for all applications. Rather than recreating this infrastructure, our approach is to develop the additional 20% of the code which tailors the infrastructure for the specific application. This paper describes the process by which a system based on NASREM is developed.
The paper deals with a three axis reaction force and displacement sensor. The design procedure of the strain gauges sensor for its intended application as a tactile proble is described. The deformable sensor body with strain gauges arrangement allows all three output voltage readings to be directly related with rectangular components of the force displacement vector in a remote contact reference system. The structural orthogonalisation that results in minimal cross component couplings is briefly outlined. The practical use of the designed probe is exemplified by seam following in a robotic welding system.
A prototype of a catheter which can move like a snake, incorporating distributed shape memory alloy actuators, is described. Since this active catheter has an instrumental navigation ability, minimally invasive diagnosis and interventional therapy will be possible. The outer diameter of the active catheter is 2.8 mm and it has many links fabricated by 3-dimensional silicon micromachining. The silicon batch process was used for the fabrication of the link to minimize assembly work. A new heating method (indirect heating) is suggested which is necessary when the JC chip is mounted on the link.
Manipulator joint trajectories are planned to make an arbitrary cost function as good as possible in consideration of physical constraints based on kinematics and dynamics of a manipulator system. An algorithm presented in this paper is an iteratively improving method using the local controllability of B spline. It can be also applied to the case that some points are specified and joint trajectories must pass through those points. This algorithm is applied to an example of trajectory planning of a manipulator with two links and two degrees of freedom.