After a meteorite reaches the Earth’s surface, it is subject to terrestrial weathering. Metallic Fe-Ni grains develop thin red coatings of goethite; the goethite fills pores within the whole-rocks, eventually decreasing their porosity to zero. Other bulk parameters that change during terrestrial weathering of ordinary chondrites are magnetic susceptibility, thermal conductivity, compressive strength, and tensile strength. Evaporite minerals grow on the surfaces of Antarctic finds with phases including Mg carbonates, Mg sulfates, and Ca sulfate. OC whole rocks become contaminated with terrestrial C and water, affecting their bulk isotopic compositions. Frost wedging can cause rocks to expand and shatter as water seeps into fractures and freezes. There are a few OC ventifacts sculpted by wind erosion in arid environments; these rocks typically have three or four flat sides that meet at angular interfaces. A small number of ordinary chondrites are shatter cones, shocked rocks with striated surfaces that have a horsetail-like appearance. Such structures are produced beneath the floors of impact craters.

Although it is well-known that major technological change can impact multiple socio-technical systems and their patterns of interaction, the issue of multi system dynamics in transitions has until recently not attracted much attention. For new sustainability transition phenomena such as decarbonisation efforts across various systems or circular economy initiatives that involve entire value chains, it is vital to better understand the ways, in which multiple systems interact and shape each other’s transitions. The goal of this chapter is to provide overview and orientation for a rapidly emerging topic by taking stock of the current state of knowledge. We review contributions from three main conceptual frameworks in transition studies: the technological innovation systems approach, the multi-level perspective, and deep transitions. On that basis, we discuss similarities, differences, and open issues to identify a future research agenda for the emerging area of multi-system dynamics in transitions.

In today’s world of increasing spatial inequalities, geopolitical tensions and global shifts in value chains, having a solid grasp of the spatial and multi-scalar dynamics that condition transition dynamics is of ever more importance. Initial theories of sustainability transitions have been criticised for being insufficiently equipped to assess the benefits, conflicts and unevenness that are constituted by the territorial contexts in which transitions dynamics and pathways unfold. Questions how sustainability transitions emerge across places and scales were largely off the radar. Interest and engagement with geographical dimensions of sustainability transitions grew however quickly into a prominent sub-field, characterised by a fruitful trading zone populated by geographers, transition scholars and other social scientists seeking to better account for place specificity, multi-scalarity, and spatial unevenness. This chapter outlines the contours of the Geography of Sustainability Transitions (GeoST) wider theoretical research agenda and ongoing debates, framing these specifically around conceptualisations of place and scale.

This chapter examines the critical role of individual behaviour in sustainability transitions, a field traditionally focused on macro- and meso-level processes. While systemic changes in technology and policy are essential, individual actions and small-group dynamics significantly shape sustainable practices and social norms. The chapter explores the interplay between macro-level structural shifts and micro-level behaviour, moving beyond the structure-agency and macro-micro debates in social and behavioural sciences. Drawing on psychology and social practice theory, it highlights the need for interdisciplinary approaches to link individual actions with systemic transitions. Through an analysis of evolving individual roles in sustainability initiatives, particularly energy transitions, the chapter argues for a nuanced understanding of behaviour that includes both habitual actions and deliberate choices. Key research gaps include the need for multi-actor studies, the interrelationship between individual and collective behaviour, and the impact of sustainability transitions on social cohesion.

This chapter argues that reflexivity - an introspective process in which researchers turn their engagement into an object of research - is essential to sustainability transitions research (STR). Reflexivity in STR encompasses not only the non-neutrality of its normative categories, such as ‘sustainability’ and ‘radical’, but also its descriptive categories, including ‘regime’ and ‘system’. This inherent social embeddedness, or ‘engagedness’, positions transition researchers with both an inescapable responsibility and a unique opportunity to shape their engagement reflexively. Reflexivity, which is relevant at every stage of STR, is illustrated in terms of research orientation, role and positionality. It highlights that much of reflexivity lies in the question of how - and with what kind of awareness - you are personally doing what you are doing. As a transition researcher, you are in a comparatively powerful societal position. Your choices matter and make a difference in the world.

Innovation systems take a holistic view of the dynamics shaping innovation, emphasizing actors, institutions, and networks as key structural elements. These interact to create positive or negative feedback loops. Initially, innovation systems focused on national competitiveness and were technology-neutral. The introduction of technological innovation systems (TIS), the focus of this chapter, shifted attention to the emergence of specific technologies, particularly sustainable ones that face market barriers. This made TIS a foundational framework in sustainability transitions research. The introduction of TIS ‘functions’ marked a key milestone in the field. Over time, TIS has evolved, addressing context, geography, and system interactions. Scholars continue to expand innovation system frameworks, exploring missions, life cycles, and destabilisation. This work increasingly integrates both technological and social innovation, supporting pathways towards sustainability.

Accelerating sustainability transitions is crucial for addressing complex challenges and meeting the 2015 Paris Agreement’s climate targets. This chapter examines the role of time in sociotechnical change, emphasizing the urgency of action across energy, agriculture, and manufacturing to reach net-zero emissions by 2050. While acceleration drives innovation, social equity, and economic resilience, it also risks unequal resource distribution and marginalising vulnerable populations. The chapter explores how stakeholders advocate for different timescales and technologies, highlighting the political nature of transitions. It introduces timescapes to capture the dynamic interplay of temporal dimensions shaping transition processes. Historical energy transitions illustrate the complexities of speed, duration, and acceleration, underscoring the need for interdisciplinary approaches. By addressing political and social dynamics, the chapter promotes transparency, equity, and justice in climate action. Future research should integrate diverse methodologies and critically examine temporal frameworks to support more effective and inclusive sustainability policies

Meteorite falls can produce light phenomena (meteors, fireballs), sonic booms, and electrophonic sounds. Doppler radar can identify falls by their positions and velocity vectors. Incoming meteoroids lose mass during atmospheric passage; after slowing, the remaining pieces develop a fusion crust, typically a 1–2-mm thick melt-coating that solidifies in the air. Most meteoroids also develop regmaglypts during descent due to localized vortices of hot, turbulent gas sculpting the meteoroid’s surface. Some specimens maintain a fixed orientation during atmospheric passage and develop nose-cone shapes. The disruption of a meteoroid in the atmosphere can shatter it into thousands of fragments; when these individuals hit the ground, they form an elliptical pattern (strewn field) in which the largest fragments tend to occur at the terminus of the field along the line of the meteoroid’s trajectory. There are fossil ordinary chondrites recovered from Ordovician sedimentary rocks. Terrestrial impact craters associated with ordinary-chondrite remnants include Carancas (Peru) and Morokweng (South Africa). Meteorites have been concentrated on Earth in cold deserts (e.g., Antarctica) and hot deserts (e.g., the Sahara).

Precise definitions can aid in meteorite classification and reduce confusion during interactions across disciplines.

Pressing environmental and societal challenges, such as the climate crisis and social inequality, demand policy interventions to steer and accelerate sustainability transitions. This chapter highlights four key intervention areas: providing direction to transitions (directionality), fostering innovation (niche support), phasing out unsustainable practices (regime destabilisation), and coordinating transition processes (coordination). We outline their theoretical rationale in transition studies and offer interdisciplinary insights from policy research. Based on a comprehensive literature review, we present 15 concrete policy interventions to transform production and consumption systems. Evaluating these interventions with empirical findings from leading transition journals, we highlight research opportunities at the intersection of public policy and sustainability transitions. Given the resistance and contestation around transformational policies, we aim to foster interdisciplinary exchange on how to accelerate sustainability transitions.

Sustainability transitions can be understood as the transformation of socio-technical systems towards the sustainable provision of societal functions. Socio-technical systems are held together by formal and informal rules, also called institutions. For sustainability transitions to materialise, the formal and informal rules of socio-technical systems need to change. Institutional change is often driven by coordinated collective efforts - typically in the form of coalitions - that mobilise actors, shape policies, and influence socio-technical environments to favour sustainable innovations. The chapter defines coalitions and related concepts such as alliances, social movements, and networks, and reviews their roles within established sustainability transition frameworks, including the multi-level perspective, technological innovation systems, strategic niche management, and transition management. The chapter also introduces theoretical strands that use different types of coalition concepts and discusses how they can be applied to sustainability transitions, and finally highlights valuable avenues for future coalition-related research in the field of sustainability transition studies.