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With contributions from a team of renowned scholars, this two-volume Handbook is a comprehensive guide to the Distributed Morphology (DM) framework, providing an overview of all major theoretical issues in morphology. This volume, the second, looks at morphology post-syntax within the Distributed Morphology (DM) framework, exploring its phonological and semantic aspects. It is divided into three parts; Parts I and II focus on morphology post-syntax, exploring its phonological and semantic aspects. Part III broadens the discussion to interfaces between morphology and other areas of linguistics and cognitive science, extending DM's reach well beyond core language components. Each chapter focuses on different theoretical issues, as well as empirical phenomena across a variety of languages. Filling a crucial gap in the domain of morphology, this volume is an essential resource for anyone who wants to understand the depth and scope of Distributed Morphology research.
With contributions from a team of renowned scholars, this two-volume Handbook is a comprehensive guide to the Distributed Morphology (DM) framework, providing an overview of all major theoretical issues in morphology. This volume, the first, covers the core components of DM, its historical context, and its foundational principles. It is divided into three parts; Part I introduces the basics of DM and compares it with alternative models, Part II delves into the core components of DM, and Part III addresses key issues for the syntax-morphology interface. Each chapter focuses on different theoretical issues, as well as empirical phenomena across a variety of languages. Filling a crucial gap in the domain of morphology, this volume is an essential resource for anyone who wants to understand the depth and scope of Distributed Morphology research.
American and British English in the twenty-first century are still divided by a common language. Now in its second edition, this highly readable guide provides an authoritative reference to English usage, covering the differences, and some emerging similarities, between British, American and international English. It has been thoroughly updated and expanded to document hundreds of variable points of usage for the benefit of British and American readers, and for those seeking international forms of English for written communication, as first- or second-language users. It discusses the current status of each usage item with quantitative evidence from the NOW (News on the Web) corpus and contemporary research. Lively examples of usage are provided to capture aspects of twenty-first century culture world-wide. It also discusses issues in the use of personal names and ethnic naming practices, as well as sexist and homophobic words, and person-centred words for those living with a disability.
Taking a new look at some widely accepted analyses of such syntactic patterns as minimality, head-movement and LF, this book offers alternative theories while still working within the general Universal Grammar framework. It is the first of its kind to present an explicit and candid examination of how Motivated Reasoning (MR), the psychological tendency to substitute emotional reward for cold reasoning, affects the formulation and assessment of new ideas. Actual cases are used to illustrate the role of MR in the (subconscious) collection and interpretation of language data, and the association of such practices with theorization. It is also highlighted that the relation between MR and independent thinking is a double-edged sword, capable of either suppressing ideas not 'to one's taste' or facilitating the formulation of new ideas unique to each individual researcher. Covering a range of technical and meta-theoretical topics, this book is essential reading for theoretical syntacticians.
Combining cross-linguistic typology, experimental data and formal analysis, this book introduces a new theoretical model for understanding how and why vowels change in unstressed syllables - Mora Loss and Restoration (MLR) Theory. In MLR, unstressed vowels lose moras – phonological elements that represent duration. This loss, which is distinct from Feature Loss, has pervasive phonological and phonetic effects, but can be reversed later in the derivation. This book addresses methodological challenges, emphasizing the importance of morphophonological alternations and acoustic measurements, and offers a comprehensive typology of vowel reduction patterns. The theory is backed up with a wealth of data from New Zealand English and European Portuguese speakers, bridging abstract phonological theory with concrete evidence. Written for researchers and students of phonology, phonetics and morphology, this book is a valuable resource for those exploring the theoretical and empirical dimensions of vowel reduction across languages, and especially the interaction of prosody and segments.
Chinese language acquisition has been discussed from pedagogical and discoursal perspectives, however this innovative book presents a linguistic perspective on Chinese as a second language. Bridging theory and practice, it provides an authoritative, research-based foundation to enhance Chinese language teaching and learning methodologies globally. Bringing together 18 leading scholars to explore the linguistic underpinnings of Chinese language teaching and acquisition, the chapters cover key areas of language acquisition such as tone, prosody, Chinese characters, syntax, aspect, and pragmatic competence, and offer new theoretical perspectives, such as cognitive approaches, alongside practical applications. Combining the best scholarship from both Chinese and non-Chinese perspectives, it presents a unique, cross-cultural approach, reflecting global collaboration in the Chinese as a Second Language Research Association (CASLAR) community. Aiming to strengthen the theoretical foundations of language teaching, and advancing Chinese language teaching methodologies, this book is an essential resource for educators and students, as well as researchers.
Older than the pyramids, Sumerian was used in ancient Mesopotamia (Southern Iraq). It is probably the world's first written language, and survives on clay tablets in the cuneiform script, dating from c.3000 BCE to the beginning of the Common Era. It abounds in simple inscriptions, ideal for beginners, but also boasts a wealth of more advanced writings, such as fascinating mythological poetry. This comprehensive textbook equips students to read the full range of texts – including the special variety of the language known as Emesal. Drawing on the authors' experience in the classroom, it uses intuitive terminology and also makes extensive use of diagrams, which unravel the language's structures in an easy-to-learn way. The examples and readings are all taken from original sources. The learning journey is further supported by exercises (with key), a full sign list and glossary, and online recordings with 'approximate pronunciations'.
An essential foundation in applied linguistics, this accessible book is designed for language teachers and students of applied linguistics with a focus on foreign language education. Ideal for courses on second language acquisition and teaching, chapters cover the history of applied linguistics, as well as the essential topics of second language acquisition, language policy and planning, second language teaching, lexicology, lexicography, and translation. Each chapter ends with a useful summary and practical activities to consolidate and embed student understanding, while questions for reflection throughout encourage deeper engagement with the material. Suggested further readings and resources give students the opportunity to extend their learning and explore topics of interest. Highlighting the latest research in the field, and providing a unique dual focus on English and Spanish linguistics, this is the ideal textbook for those seeking to develop an up-to-date and rounded understanding of applied linguistics in relation to foreign language education.
Is a literary text an act of communication, and if so, how does it work? Relating works of literature to everyday utterances, this book focuses on the relationship between meaning and language in literary works. It uses an influential theory from linguistic pragmatics, relevance theory, to reveal a connection between literature and ordinary talk, while maintaining that the effect of literariness is achieved through exploiting the communicative options open to us more deeply and in more complex ways in poetry and prose fiction. It provides an accessible introduction to relevance theory and connects the theory to ideas in evolutionary cognitive psychology, whilst also comparing it to other approaches in stylistics, literary studies and pragmatics. This book also includes detailed analyses of literary texts, supported with linguistic descriptions of form, examining texts and textual features such as satire, first and third person narratives, sound-patterned poetry, comic rhymes, literary parodies and metaphor.
Linguistic imitation is not mere repetition, but is instead a foundational mechanism of language use. It underpins the engagement and categorisation of meaning as a conceptual pact among speakers. This book redefines imitation as the creative engine of human communication, showing how language evolves through our engagement with what others say. It discusses dialogic resonance – the reuse and reshaping of communicative constructions – as a unifying framework that bridges pragmatics and construction grammar. Combining evidence from first and second language acquisition, intercultural communication and neurodiverse interaction, the book highlights the crucial role of imitation in shaping social conformity, engagement, categorisation and innovation. It combines detailed qualitative case studies with innovative corpus-based and statistical analyses to provide new theoretical insights and methodological tools. It is essential reading for scholars and students of linguistics, psychology, education and sociology, and for anyone interested in how language emerges from the creative interplay of human voices.
The Minimalist Program is a long-established branch of Chomsky's Generative approach to linguistics, which, since its first incarnation in the early 1990s, has become one of the most prominent frameworks for syntax. Bringing together a team of world-renowned scholars, this Handbook provides a comprehensive guide to current developments in generative syntactic theory. Split into five thematic parts, the chapters cover the historical context and foundations of the program, overviews of the major areas of research within modern syntactic theory, and a survey of the variety of phenomena dealt with within Minimalism through a focus on concepts, primitives, and operations. It offers in-depth perspectives on the core concepts and operations in the Minimalist Program for readers who are not already familiar with it, as well as a complete overview of the state-of-the-art in the field, making it essential reading for both scholars and students in the field.
This captivating book chronicles the three-year action research journey of a literacy teacher educator, showcasing the development, refinement, and progress of his teaching practices. Central to the book is a comprehensive examination of various literacy teaching strategies, including the genre-process approach, the integration of reading and writing, and the big idea framework. Additionally, this book delves into the process of literacy teacher development, examining the efficacy of different practical initiatives, such as the approach of lesson study and the explicit teaching of teacher reflection. The book further features the critical and rigorous self-evaluation that the author conducts across both cognitive and socio-affective realms through action research, highlighting its power for language teacher educators' continuing professional development. Equipping the reader with conceptual insights and practical tools to enhance teaching strategies and student engagement, it is essential reading for literacy teachers and teacher educators in L2 contexts.
One of the few full-length, theoretical treatments of the antipassive construction, this book provides an in-depth study of antipassives and their interaction with applicatives and causatives in natural language, three constructions that have long represented a puzzle to syntacticians. It argues that the antipassive reveals more about the introduction of the external argument than the demotion or elimination of the direct object, and demonstrates that there are at least two types of antipassives-voice antipassives and verbalizing antipassives. Other valency-changing phenomena, like the applicative, causative and reflexive, and their interaction with the antipassive, are also addressed. The book takes a cross-linguistic view and includes data from the Central Alaskan Yup'ik, Halkomelem Salish, Yidiɲ, Diyari, Russian and Latvian, among others. Providing an up-to-date theoretical analysis of antipassives within the framework of generative linguistics, this is essential reading for researchers and advanced students whose focus is the syntax/semantics interface, especially valency-changing phenomena.
Religious texts played a central role in the historical development of English. Harnessing corpus linguistic techniques, historical pragmatics, and the history of the English church, this book interrogates the keywords that have dominated English religious expression from the end of the medieval period to the eve of the Darwinian age. Exploring a number of historical religious works from the late medieval period to the nineteenth century, it shows how changes in the deployment of key words reflected their evolving socio-cultural functions, and how their usage subsequently moved beyond religious texts to shape contemporary literary and political works. It includes numerous case-studies involving prophetic women, pamphleteers, preachers and philosophers, alongside prominent theologians, literary authors and other well-known figures. Offering new insights into the growing cross-disciplinary enterprise of theolinguistics in an engaging and accessible way, this study is essential reading for both English historical linguists and historians of English Christianity.
The study of English usage has to take account of changes in grammar, word choice and nuances of communication. In recent decades, developments in linguistic methodologies have catalysed modifications In our approach to linguistic variation, with perspectives changing from a primarily prescriptive to a more descriptive approach. Bringing together contributions from a team of distinguished scholars, this book explores sociolinguistic and structural dimensions of variability in English usage through new research and methods such as corpora and survey instruments. It embraces the variety and diversity of English usage, exploring global attitudes towards language, including examples from countries where English is either a first language, such as Australia and Britain, to second language users from China, South Africa and beyond. Variability is investigated across both a number of media and registers, while lively and engaging discourse is used to introduce the global language landscape to anyone interested in this fascinating field.
Applied linguists' interests and values have expanded in synergy with evolving technologies over the past decades, and with the tools and concepts developed in other disciplines. This timely book explains applied linguists' interest in technology in connection with their study of language-related problems in the real world. The decades of history and intersections with other disciplines provide background for introducing 11 types of technology-mediated language learning activities, grounded in the research-practice interface characterizing applied linguistics. Examples of past research are interpreted through the lens of design-based research to examine how design principles are developed for language learning and language assessment. Concrete implications are outlined for language pedagogy and its evaluation, language teacher education, and technology studies in applied linguistics. These foundations of technology and language learning will animate a spirit of critical professional inquiry toward current and future digital technologies as they intersect with language learners.
A clear, practical introduction to the theory and practice of translanguaging, this book explores this innovative approach and shows how English language teachers can benefit from implementing multilingual pedagogy in the classroom. Whether you teach English as a foreign language (EFL), a second language (ESL), work in English medium instruction (EMI) or Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL), this engaging and accessible book will help you understand the key implications of translanguaging theory, and carry these over into practice in your classroom, whether this is in government-sponsored or private education, from primary to secondary, tertiary and adult contexts. As well as discussing important contextual differences, challenges and constraints that teachers frequently face across both the Global North and Global South, it includes many examples from real English language classrooms, exploring both teacher and learner translanguaging, and offering numerous suggestions, ideas and activities to evaluate critically for your own classroom practice.
The 'American idea' is often claimed not to be based on any ethnicity, race, culture, or religion, but rather on the secular values associated with the Founders' Constitution, and liberal democratic values associated with the European Enlightenment. However, a careful reading of American history tells a different story. This book provides evidence that contradicts the view that America is a universal idea untethered to a particular and narrow view of Americanism. Using the techniques of critical discourse analysis, Ricento explores the written texts and speeches of American intellectuals and political figures of the Americanization era (1901–1927), showing that American identity is a construction that privileges a particular culture (Anglo-Saxonism), race (white), and religion (Protestant Christianity) as the fundaments of national identity. Examples are set against today's context as the rise in right-wing political thinking has raised similar issues that continue to threaten America's status as an inclusive and democratic republic.
What are the causes of language change? Where do words come from? Is modern technology and social media corrupting our language? Language change is just as relevant today as it ever was, yet the secrets of how and why it occurs remain tantalisingly out of reach to anyone without a background in linguistics. This book has the answers. Written by one of the leading experts in the field, it provides readers with an accessible account of language change, unraveling the processes and phenomena that have so far remained locked within academia. It explores a range of fascinating topics, such as whether language change is bad, whether change is different in some kinds of languages than others, and if television, AI, and modern technology have any impact on language change. Written in a lively and engaging way, it uncovers the marvels and mysteries of language change for anyone curious about this captivating field.