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46862 results in Management

Page 761 of 2344

  • Regional competition, business politicians, and subnational fiscal policy

  • Leonardo Baccini, Quan Li, Irina Mirkina, Kristina Johnson
  • Journal:
    Business and Politics / Volume 20 / Issue 3 / September 2018
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    24 May 2018, pp. 410-437

  • What explains subnational policy choices over tax cut after decentralization? We test two different explanations in the context of the 2002 tax reform in Russia. A popular strand of literature suggests that decentralization induces more regional competition over investment, motivating subnational tax cuts. A second body of literature suggests that personal business interests of regional governors can account for their different policy choices. Governors with personal business ties refrain from tax cuts because they increase market competition. We find no support for the regional competition hypothesis, but strong statistical evidence for the business connection hypothesis. Our findings have important implications for research on fiscal decentralization and on the connections between business interests of leaders and their policy choices.

  • The CEO Horizon Problem and Managerial Slack in China

  • Junxiong Fang, Lerong He, Martin J. Conyon
  • Journal:
    Management and Organization Review / Volume 14 / Issue 2 / June 2018
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    24 May 2018, pp. 343-376
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  • This study investigates how CEO behavior and incentives change during the CEO's final years in office, known as the horizon problem. We examine how the horizon problem alters managerial slack, a measure of operational inefficiency and managerial value diversion. Using data on Chinese publicly traded firms between 2003 and 2011, we find that managerial slack increases in the last two years of CEO tenure compared to earlier years. We also show that the increase in managerial slack in CEO final years in office is smaller in privately controlled firms than in state-owned enterprises, smaller in firms with CEO equity ownership and more independent boards compared to those without. We conclude that higher quality corporate governance mechanisms ameliorate the perverse incentives associated with the CEO horizon problem, and reduce CEOs’ tendency to increase managerial slack during their final years in office.

  • 3 - Access to Voice

  • from Part I - Women as Influencers of Corporate Action
  • Edited by Beate Sjåfjell, Universitetet i Oslo, Irene Lynch Fannon, University College Cork
  • Book:
    Creating Corporate Sustainability
    Published online:
    14 May 2018
    Print publication:
    24 May 2018, pp 45-66

  • Summary

    Unsustainable corporate activities have severe negative environmental and social impacts. They affect women and men in developing countries differently, and may lead to breaches on human rights. The United Nations Guiding Principles for Human Rights (UNGP) emphasize the need to ensure human rights and the participation in consultations of potentially vulnerable groups when planning and conducting corporate activity. Women and men may experience different access to these consultations, decision-making processes and forums. The lack of women voices deprives corporations of information, knowledge and opinions that is vital in order to ensuring corporate sustainability. If women are not consulted and their interests not represented, they are arguably subject to a double discrimination, firstly by not being represented in local communities and secondly when their disproportionate representation leads to them not being taken properly into account in the consultations processes either. This chapter aims to highlight the importance of awareness of real and meaningful participation by women in consultation processes, so that women can be agents of change. It shows, through a discussion of selected cases, potential obstacles to and aspects of women participation in consultations.

  • 2 - Reclaiming Value and Betterment for Bangladeshi Women Workers in Global Garment Chains

  • from Part I - Women as Influencers of Corporate Action
  • Edited by Beate Sjåfjell, Universitetet i Oslo, Irene Lynch Fannon, University College Cork
  • Book:
    Creating Corporate Sustainability
    Published online:
    14 May 2018
    Print publication:
    24 May 2018, pp 17-44

  • Summary

    This chapter is concerned with the barriers to betterment of the lives for Bangladeshi women workers in the garment industries which are part of global chains headed by western global corporations. It assesses the considerable cultural barriers women face in improving their working and living conditions and the paradoxical relationship between these barriers and the legal entitlements women possess qua workers under national and international law. It considers whether women's betterment is best pursued through the work of NGOs and other groups in pressuring global corporations to be more responsible or through their own political activity as organised labour. It concludes that while there is considerable scope for both, only women's political activity can substantially increase their betterment.

  • 11 - The Uneasy Relationship between Corporations and Gender Equality

  • from Part III - Feminist Theories and Corporate Sustainability
  • Edited by Beate Sjåfjell, Universitetet i Oslo, Irene Lynch Fannon, University College Cork
  • Book:
    Creating Corporate Sustainability
    Published online:
    14 May 2018
    Print publication:
    24 May 2018, pp 237-257

  • Summary

    ‘Transnational business feminism’ has been identified by Roberts as a politico-economic project in the last decade. It represents a convergence of a variety of stakeholders (multi-national companies, NGOs, the World Bank and the UN amongst others) on a particular practice or conception of gender equality that is deeply fuelled by arguments of the ‘business case’ for women’s inclusion and representation in economic life and is often built upon essentialist notions of womanhood. This paper suggests that while the growth in interest in gender equality amongst multi and transnational companies has the potential to raise awareness of women’s relative exclusion from and subordination within corporate life, the form of ‘transnational business feminism’ currently in vogue risks reproducing corporate power hierarchies. If the complex and uneasy relationship between companies and women is to be reformed, this requires stakeholders to move beyond simplistic visions of women as a fresh source of competitive and economic advantage and towards the sincere engagement of feminist ideas.

  • 5 - Company Reporting of Environmental, Social and Gender Matters

  • from Part II - Current Strategies for Corporate Sustainability
  • Edited by Beate Sjåfjell, Universitetet i Oslo, Irene Lynch Fannon, University College Cork
  • Book:
    Creating Corporate Sustainability
    Published online:
    14 May 2018
    Print publication:
    24 May 2018, pp 91-113

  • Summary

    This chapter highlights the limitations of reporting frameworks and barriers faced by stakeholders seeking useful sustainability information. It examines the accepted rationales for company reporting regimes, the minimal rights stakeholders have to information, the political nature of reporting policy, and the variable quality of publicly available information. It finds that existing rationales and theories supporting corporate reporting regimes no longer reflect reasonable societal expectations because they are motivated by economic and commercial concerns and primarily benefit shareholders. The chapter draws attention to corporate communication structures that provide differentiated information through private and public channels. It also highlights concerns when sustainability disclosures are superficial or are released as a public relations exercise and suggests such reporting reflects the compromises made during legislative processes and the open-ended nature of many reporting rules. Whilst the author acknowledges the limitations of disclosure policy, she highlights positive trends and concludes that disclosure regimes should to be structured to work as well as possible.

  • 10 - Exploring Spatial Justice and the Ethic of Care in Corporations and Group Governance

  • from Part III - Feminist Theories and Corporate Sustainability
  • Edited by Beate Sjåfjell, Universitetet i Oslo, Irene Lynch Fannon, University College Cork
  • Book:
    Creating Corporate Sustainability
    Published online:
    14 May 2018
    Print publication:
    24 May 2018, pp 215-236

  • Summary

    The corporate group is an important legal construction enabling the parent company to prosper on the global platform. This chapter offers a regulatory approach to corporate behaviour within the corporate group. The foundation for corporate group governance is born out of two feminist theories: spatial justice and the ethic of care. The two theories align closely with an emerging jurisprudence manifesting in an example of recent case law, two pieces of legislation and two legal procedures. This chapter investigates whether or not the emerging jurisprudence can withstand two legal doctrines in corporate law; the corporate veil and limited liability. Spatial justice and the ethic of care define the corporate duty of care by providing better structure and substance. The parent company’s role in the parent-subsidiary relationship centres on legal due diligence which the parent must conduct on its corporate group. The parent company is therefore obligated to promote business sustainability across all subsidiaries by ensuring all entities are financially well-resourced, environmentally respectful and place ample importance on workers’ wellbeing. With a concrete legal structure for the corporate duty of care, parent companies and their corporate groups are required to operate in a way that respects the planetary boundaries.

  • 12 - The Gendered Corporation

  • from Part III - Feminist Theories and Corporate Sustainability
  • Edited by Beate Sjåfjell, Universitetet i Oslo, Irene Lynch Fannon, University College Cork
  • Book:
    Creating Corporate Sustainability
    Published online:
    14 May 2018
    Print publication:
    24 May 2018, pp 258-281

  • Summary

    This chapter acknowledges the dominance of men in corporations but challenges the simplistic proposition that the cure for corporate ills is to add more women to corporate governance structures. Instead it argues that it is not the sex of those involved in corporate governance that matters in preventing unethical and unsustainable corporate practice but what gender performances are valourised within the specific corporate environment(s) that the corporate actor finds him/herself and the degree to which those performances accord with societal gender expectations. In other words, corporate culture needs to be changed. It will first introduce the sociological concept of hegemonic masculinities and then consider how gendered hierarchies within corporations foster an environment conducive to unethical, unsustainable, and sometimes criminal conduct. It will draw from criminological research to demonstrate that corporate offenders enact masculinities and femininities concordant with broader cultural understandings of appropriate gendered ways of behaving. It will conclude by arguing that creating true corporate sustainability requires making visible the gendered nature of the problematic practices and reshaping them, with the ultimate result of more women in meaningfully reformed corporate governance structures.

  • 7 - Gender Diversity on Corporate Boards

  • from Part II - Current Strategies for Corporate Sustainability
  • Edited by Beate Sjåfjell, Universitetet i Oslo, Irene Lynch Fannon, University College Cork
  • Book:
    Creating Corporate Sustainability
    Published online:
    14 May 2018
    Print publication:
    24 May 2018, pp 138-163

  • Summary

    This study aims to explore how multilevel factors impacts on the percentage of women on the board of directors. For that end, this work uses a panel dataset for listed firms of the EU countries during the period 2002 to 2013 and applies Generalized Least Square Random Effect estimator in order to address the potential unobserved heterogeneity. The results reveal that board size, firm size, effective programs of equal opportunity in the workforce, industry, country and time have become relevant factors to explain the variability of the percentage of women on the boards. In contrast, the corporate policy and actions for maintaining well-balanced boards do not facilitate additional women’s recruitment to board of directors. It seems that the firms may adopt a balanced board policy in a symbolic way, without a clear objective to achieve a more balanced gender representation on company boards.

  • 13 - Power and the Gender Imperative in Corporate Law

  • from Part III - Feminist Theories and Corporate Sustainability
  • Edited by Beate Sjåfjell, Universitetet i Oslo, Irene Lynch Fannon, University College Cork
  • Book:
    Creating Corporate Sustainability
    Published online:
    14 May 2018
    Print publication:
    24 May 2018, pp 282-304

  • Summary

    Gender plays a critical role in the construction of corporate institutions and the regulatory infrastructure that governs them. The lack of women in executive positions and corporate boardrooms is a direct consequence of a male-dominated history, and so are the laws and norms guiding the institutions that hold positions of power. This Chapter tackle difficult questions related to business and power through the lens of feminist legal theory, and provide an unapologetic and ambitious call to redesign existing power structures, and internal power dynamics, that are leading our world into environmental crises. It begins with a short primer on the social construction of gender, and how society continuously reinforces different behaviour from men and women. The Chapter then examines how gendered predispositions are imbued in the entrenched norms that dominate corporate law, and through implicit biases that prevent or slow the rise of women in the corporate world. These invisible power imbalances need to be widely recognized as they subvert the ability of women to attain meaningful positions of power that instigate change. A critical partnership must be forged between feminist legal theory and corporate sustainability to overcome the formidable challenges in attaining a greener future.

Page 761 of 2344