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The study of work and family in Confucian Asia has continued to grow at a rapid rate. The objective of this chapter is to provide a critical synthesis of the work-family literature in Confucian Asia (i.e., China, Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan). The chapter begins with an overview of the development of work-family research in this region in the past decades. Then, it discusses the methodology of work-family research, followed by a review of the key findings in this region and comparison to the findings in the broader work-family literature. The chapter concludes with the discussion of limitations of the extant literature and directions for future research.
This overview of cross-national research on work-family (WF) and career-related outcomes reveals considerable variation across countries, underscoring the need for comparative research. The review provides examples of studies at different levels of analysis to illustrate the variety of research designs and findings. Individual-level studies examine cross-national variations in various aspects of employees’ WF interface and career outcomes, and the findings suggest that country-level WF-related cultural values (e.g., gender egalitarianism) and structural characteristics (e.g., supportive public policies) help to explain country variations. Some studies include organizational characteristics as additional contextual factors and/or outcomes of country characteristics. Macro-level studies examine country variation in aggregated career outcomes, and findings identify country-level factors (e.g., parental leave or childcare provisions) that help explain country variations in outcomes, such as the nature and size of motherhood career penalties. The review concludes with a future research agenda that is grounded in past research and findings.
Against a backdrop of various socioeconomic and demographic factors, workers with care responsibilities in most parts of the world are facing an inevitable ‘time squeeze’ in their efforts to combine the employment with the need to provide requisite care for family members. The implications of this work-family conflict has over the years become a source of much interdisciplinary academic and policy interest and debate that has also resulted in a substantial strand of literature on the underlying factors and plausible solutions for work-family conflict. However, due to various resources constraints, Africa has lagged behind in this regard and African research on the subject can be described as emerging. With a focus on sub-Saharan Africa, this chapter provides an overview of this emerging research, specifically key work-family research initiatives in the region and pertinent research findings from the recent past. The chapter concludes with a discussion of future research ideas.
In order to gain a complete understanding of work-family issues in different cultural contexts it is important for researchers to consider the local meanings of various work-family related concepts. Cross-cultural qualitative research can be used to explore different work-family phenomena in different cultural contexts and to compare the similarities and differences in those experiences across cultures. Qualitative approaches can also be used to complement quantitative research by establishing functional equivalence of concepts, or highlighting the unique components of the concepts in different cultural contexts. This chapter outlines some best practices in conducting qualitative work-family research across cultures (including data collection, sampling, and data analysis) and highlights some technical issues specific to cross-cultural qualitative research with references to these practices. Possible applications of the qualitative approach to supplement existing research findings are also discussed.
Chapter 8 explores the legality of BSPs under current law, which admittedly creates numerous obstacles to affecting our proposal, all of which therefore require rethinking. The most obvious hurdle is the requirement—embedded in a surprisingly large number of provisions of state corporation law, stock exchange listing standards, and various federal laws—that directors be “natural persons.” This Chapter identifies the legal barriers to creating BSPs and argues that they should be eliminated so as to allow BSPs to become an option for corporations hiring board services.
In addition to reviewing U.S. law, this Chapter will examine the law of other countries to determine the extent to which they permit the use of BSPs. Particular emphasis will be placed on the UK example, where BSPs are permitted but rarely used.
Work-family issues have increasingly gained attention across the globe, prompting researchers to conduct cross-cultural comparisons. However, to our knowledge, no comprehensive review of this literature exists. Without such a review, this literature is difficult to synthesize, given the various countries included as well as the different types of research questions addressed due to the cross-disciplinary and interdisciplinary nature of this work. The goal of this chapter is to address this gap by summarizing the extant quantitative cross-cultural work-family literature. We do so by providing a table that lists the cross-cultural focus of each work-family study from the literature, the countries included, and the findings regarding cultural similarities and differences. We also synthesize the results of these studies via a narrative review and provide recommendations for future research.
Chapter 1 traces the history of the board of directors. Our goal is to uncover the origin story in the hopes of explaining why boards look the way they do, centuries later. As it turns out, the modern board owes much to its ancient ancestors, in this is not a good thing. Board are, despite recent improvements, stuck in the past, and it is a past that does not fit with modernity.
Worldwide, across various norms of national culture, there are perhaps few constructs that affect the intersection of work and family more than gendered norms. Work and family is, in many ways, inextricably linked with gender. Historically, the domains of work and of family have been characterized as “men’s” or “women’s” domains, and research on this topic has often discussed the role of gender, particularly as “male” or “female”. This chapter moves beyond this characterization to address the ways in which gender and gendered norms interact with national culture to affect work and family. Focusing on the multilevel nature of gender, it is defined and discussed at an individual-level, a family-level, an organization-level, and a national-level. Recommendations are made that researchers should examine the nested nature of gender and gendered norms in nuanced ways in both conceptualization and measurement as they approach and design future research on global work and family.
Country-level environmental factors can substantially influence the work-family interface. This chapter reviews previous research and theory on several structural factors, organized into two broad categories: social policy (including regulative institutions, such as employment laws, and social institutions, such as family structures) and economic indicators (including welfare regimes and industrial relations systems). These factors create constraints and opportunities on individuals and organizations to create and manage work-family boundaries in particular ways. The chapter also discusses links between structural and cultural country-level factors and country-level work-family theorization.
Workplace flexibility research has expanded with the global marketplace, looking beyond Western practices. Despite the relative increase in availability and use of flexibility across the globe, meaningful issues exist for researchers and organizations seeking to design and implement flexible workplace policies for multinational organizations. This chapter begins by defining and describing the primary types of workplace flexibility in the research literature. Next, broad patterns and cultural trends across major geographic regions are reviewed and discussed. Additionally, the chapter identifies key challenges and corresponding strategic outcomes of implementing workplace flexibility for multinational organizations. Finally, the chapter concludes with recommendations for areas of future research.
In Chapter 5, we come (the reader may well say, at last!) to our description of board service providers. Instead of a corporate board comprised of a group of individuals acting as independent contractors, we have in mind a business entity, be it a partnership, LLC, corporation, or other association, acting as the board of another company. In our model, the board would be an “it,” not a group of “hes” and “shes.” Instead of nominating and electing a slate of unrelated individual independent contractors to serve as board members, a BSP would be chosen to provide director services.
We propose that the BSP be selected by the shareholders, but leave it to the market to develop solutions to the problems presented by corporate elections. We also hint here and there about alternatives to standard, annual elections.