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106129 results in Materials Science

Page 625 of 5307

  • Toward efficient solar water splitting over hematite photoelectrodes

  • Shaohua Shen
  • Journal:
    Journal of Materials Research / Volume 29 / Issue 1 / 14 January 2014
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    07 November 2013, pp. 29-46
    Print publication:
    14 January 2014

  • Hematite has been considered as one of the most promising materials for solar water splitting, although its photoelectrochemical performance is still not very high and limited by its intrinsic properties. In the past few years, sizable advances in the development of hematite photoelectrodes for enhanced water splitting activities have been achieved by a variety of rational modification strategies, including nanostructure design for efficient charge collection, metal ion doping for promoted charge carrier transfer, heterojunctions for efficient charge separation, and surface and/or interface modification for retarded charge recombination and enhanced light absorption. In this article, research work and milestone achievement actually focused on hematite photoelectrodes for water splitting is reviewed in detail. A review on this topic by answering the key question, “how to modify or design hematite photoelectrode to improve its conductivity, enhance charge separation as well as catalyze surface water oxidation,” in authors' view, can be potentially helpful to enable hematite for further efficient solar energy conversion, which will be very inspiring and important to this field.

  • Complex oxide nanomembranes for energy conversion and storage: A review

  • Kian Kerman, Shriram Ramanathan
  • Journal:
    Journal of Materials Research / Volume 29 / Issue 3 / 14 February 2014
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    07 November 2013, pp. 320-337
    Print publication:
    14 February 2014

  • Oxide membranes are the foundation of several electrochemical devices and sensors, where functionality is related to selective transport of electrons and ions through a membrane or physical responses from an external perturbation. The ability to engineer power sources and sensors for the rapidly growing field of autonomous systems requires high power density and specific energy. Clamped free-standing nanoscale membranes provide an experimentally tunable platform to explore the limits of dimensionality reduction for such purposes. This review addresses the following: (i) advancing experimental methods to fabricate nanoscale oxide membranes that can sustain a chemical potential gradient, thermomechanically stable under large thermal cycles, and can be electrically interrogated with negligible parasitic loss; (ii) a representative example of high performance energy devices, solid oxide fuel cells, utilizing such membranes; and (iii) a brief discussion on emerging research directions broadly in the areas of condensed matter sciences and energy conversion and storage intersecting low-dimensional complex oxide materials.

  • Improved bench-top X-ray diffractometer for crystalline phase analysis of cement

  • Atsushi Ohbuchi, Takayuki Konya, Go Fujinawa
  • Journal:
    Powder Diffraction / Volume 28 / Issue 4 / December 2013
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    07 November 2013, pp. 249-253

  • A laboratory-scale X-ray diffractometer for obtaining high X-ray intensity data was developed. The apparatus, equipped with 600 W CuKα radiation with a Ni filter, incorporates technology that dramatically improves the quality of X-ray diffraction. The system comprises of a low-noise one-dimensional silicon strip detector, a variable slit, and a goniometer with a radius as small as 150 mm. A variable knife edge was used as a countermeasure for unwanted scattering, particularly in the low angle range. With this system, cement may be analyzed within 5 min. NIST 2686 standard reference material was analyzed using the newly developed diffractometer, and the quantitative analysis results for the major phases are in agreement with the certified values of the reference material.

Page 625 of 5307