The 12-item Physical Appearance Perfectionism Scale (PAPS; Yang & Stoeber, 2012) assesses a person’s concerns about and hopes for a perfect physical appearance. The PAPS can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the PAPS and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the PAPS has been found to have a 2-factor structure (Worry About Imperfection, Hope For Perfection) within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, and evidence has supported its invariance across gender. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity support the use of the PAPS. Next, this chapter provides the PAPS items in their entirety, instructions for administering the PAPS to participants, item response scale, and scoring procedure. Links to known translations are provided. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

This chapter describes the development and validation of a body-image assessment tool, the BIAS-BD. The scale consists of 17 male and 17 female contour-line drawings based on known anthropometric body dimensions of shoulder, chest, waist, hip breadth, thigh breadth, and upper leg breadth. The drawings correspond to a series of body weights ranging from 60% below the documented average to 140% above average. Differences between drawings represent a 5% change in body weight. Participants select a drawing that reflects their perceived size and their ideal size. The discrepancy between perceived and ideal size is a measure of body dissatisfaction. Test-retest reliability over a 2 –week interval was r = .86 for actual perceived size, r = .72 for ideal size, and r = .76 for body dissatisfaction. All reliability values are significantly greater than 0. No significant differences in reliability values between genders were obtained. Concurrent validity, measured as the correspondence between perceived and report size, was r = .76. Unlike other scales, the present scale uses figural drawings based on known body dimensions and has superior reliability and validity. It avoids several problems inherent in existing contour-line drawing scales, including scale coarseness, the presence of ethnic facial and body features, and the lack of documented reliability and validity in most previously published scales.

The 6-item Drive for Leanness Scale (DLS; Smolak & Murnen, 2008) was designed to measure concerns about leanness than anyone, regardless of gender, might share. Thus, the drive for leanness construct was derived to be distinct from concerns for thinness more common among women, and concerns about muscularity more common among men. The DLS can be administered online or in-person and is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the DLS and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the DLS has a unidimensional factor structure within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Internal consistency reliability and construct validity support the use of the DLS with women and men. Gender differences are minimal. Next, this chapter provides the DLS items in their entirety, instructions for administration and scoring, and the item response scale. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are available for readers.

The 17-item Male Body Image Self-Consciousness Scale (M-BISC; McDonagh et al., 2008) examines the extent to which men feel self-conscious about their bodies when engaging in physically intimate activities with another person. The M-BISC can be administered online or in-person to adolescent and adult individuals who identify as male. It is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the M-BISC and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the M-BISC was found to be unidimensional via exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Internal consistency reliability and convergent validity support the use of the M-BISC. Next, this chapter provides the M-BISC items in their entirety, instructions for administering it to participants, item response scale, and scoring procedure. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are available for readers.

The 6-item Body Image States Scale (BISS; Cash et al., 2002) assesses how respondents feel about their body and physical appearance “right now” as opposed to trait body image measures that assess how they feel about their body in general. The BISS uses a 9-point response scale to detect subtle variations in respondents’ evaluative and affective body image experiences in the moment and in response to specific contexts or experimental manipulations. The BISS can be administered online or in-person to adolescents or adults; it is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the BISS and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the BISS has a unidimensional factor structure, and its internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, and construct validity are supported. Next, this chapter provides all items and their individualized response scales, instructions for administering the BISS to participants, and scoring procedures. Links to known translations are included. Logistics of use, such as how to obtain the BISS, permissions, copyright, and contact information are available for readers.

The 40-item Fat Microaggressions Scale (FMS; Lindloff et al., 2024) assesses the frequency that fat people experience weight-related microaggressions, where microaggressions are brief, recurrent, commonplace acts that demean and discriminate against members of stigmatized groups. The FMS can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults who self-identify as fat, overweight, or higher-weight, and is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the FMS and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the FMS has a 4-factor structure within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses: Direct Experiences (11 items), Indirect Experiences (12 items), Benevolent Weightism (11 items), and Clothing Exclusion (6 items). Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, criterion-related, incremental, and known-groups validity support the use of the FMS. Next, this chapter provides the FMS items in their entirety, instructions for administration and scoring, and the item response scale. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are available for readers.

Executive function is an umbrella term used to describe a collection of complex cognitive processes, which include decision-making, acting as a mechanism of integration rather than a function in itself. It is thought to consist of three main elements: inhibition, working memory and cognitive flexibility – each of which is important in the execution of decisions. Executive functions, like decision-making, are especially difficult to understand and conceptualise due to their abstract nature. Abstract thinking refers to an ability to form ideas that are not concrete, or that cannot be perceived in the present environment – a key contributor to complex decisions that involve integration of past experiences and planning ahead.

The 6-item Distinctive Appearance Investment Scale (Tiggemann & Golder, 2006) assesses need for uniqueness in the appearance domain, i.e., an individual’s desire to look different and stand out. The Distinctive Appearance Investment Scale can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the Distinctive Appearance Investment Scale within the tattooing and body modification literatures and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the Distinctive Appearance Investment Scale has been found to have a single-factor structure. Internal consistency reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity support its use. Next, this chapter provides the Distinctive Appearance Investment Scale items, instructions for administration, the item response scale, the scoring procedure, and known translations. Logistics of use, such as permissions and copyright, are provided for readers.

Social psychiatry focuses on the interpersonal and cultural contexts of mental disorder and mental wellbeing. Research in this area examines the relationship between psychiatric disorders and the social environment. This includes the consequences of positive or negative life events at the individual level, as well as broader themes – such as discrimination and inequality - at the societal level. This chapter aims to illustrate how research in social psychiatry has advanced our understanding of the role of social factors in the aetiology and management of mental disorders. We provide breakdowns of six high-impact research studies including summaries of background, methods, results, conclusions, strengths, and limitations. In addition, we provide some information about common pitfalls and methodological considerations that are specifically relevant to social psychiatry for novice researchers in this area, and our thoughts regarding future challenges and opportunities in this field.

The Curvy Ideal Silhouette Scale (CISS; Hunger et al., 2017) is a computer-generated figure rating scale utilized to assess the discrepancy between a woman’s perceived actual body versus ideal body across two dimensions: fat and curvaceousness. The CISS was developed to capture a broader spectrum of appearance ideals for young adult women, specifically related to research highlighting the potential to adhere to dual body ideals (thin, curvy) simultaneously. The CISS can be administered online or in-person to adolescent and adults who identify as women. This chapter first discusses the development of the CISS and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. Test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and incremental validity support the use of the CISS. Next, this chapter provides the CISS in its entirety, as well as instructions for administration and scoring. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are available for readers.

The 16-item Male Body Talk Scale (MBT scale; Sladek et al., 2014) assesses the frequency with which men engage in negatively valenced body-related conversations with others. The MBT scale can be administered online or in-person with adolescents and adults and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the MBT scale and then provides evidence regarding the measure’s psychometric properties. Specifically, research using the MBT scale has found evidence for a correlated two-factor structure (e.g., “Muscle Talk,” “Fat Talk”) identified through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses with samples including male-identifying young adult college students and adults (ages 18-65), along with scalar (i.e., strong) invariance across three ethnic groups (Asian, Latino, and White) of male-identifying college students. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the MBT scale. Next, this chapter provides the MBT scale items, instructions for administering the measure to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. The measure has been translated from English into Chinese (Mandarin) and administered with evidence of reliability and validity. Provided for readers also are logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and citation information.

This chapter has been written from the stance of a patient and public contributor to mental health research. It examines the role of patient and public involvement in mental health research which has evolved since the mid 1960s and continues to do so. Examining the people, roles and research and providing a definition for the different stages of Patient and Public Involvement, the chapter looks at how these roles interact, the ethics and rationale for involvement, the power relations between the various parties, whether involvement is moving the research agenda closer to preventative health care, and the subject of equality, diversity and inclusion. The difficulties of working with people with serious mental health issues are addressed. Case studies are given to illustrate various points. Subjects such as training and language are included. The complex subject of evaluation and impact and how they can be resolved are raised. Finally, the chapter concludes by inviting the reader to consider what ‘good PPI’ is, and how it is done.

The 8-item Drive for Muscularity Attitudes Questionnaire (DMAQ; Morrison et al., 2004) assesses men’s desire to achieve a muscular physique, which is characterized by broad shoulders, a well-developed chest and arms, and a narrow waist. The DMAQ can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults who identify as male and is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the DMAQ and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the DMAQ has a unidimensional factor structure within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, concurrent validity, and convergent validity support the use of the DMAQ. Next, this chapter provides the DMAQ items in their entirety, instructions for administration and scoring, and the item response scale. Links to available translations are included. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are available for readers.

The 16-item Sociocultural Influences on Fear of Fat Scale (SI-FAT) is a recently developed measure of sociocultural influence on fear of fat. The SI-FAT can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the SI-FAT within theories of weight stigma, then provides evidence of its psychometric properties. More specifically, the SI-FAT has been found to have a multi-factor structure with four subscales: media, parents/family, peer, and romantic partner influences. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the SI-FAT. Next, this chapter provides the SI-FAT items in their entirety, instructions for administering the scale to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 10-item Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2; Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015) is a widely used, contemporary measure of positive body image that assesses one’s acceptance and appreciation of, and respect and love for, their body. The BAS-2 can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the original BAS and the BAS-2 within the positive body image literature and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the BAS-2 has been found to have a single-factor structure within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and is fully invariant across nations, languages, gender identities, and adult age groups. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the BAS-2. Next, this chapter provides the BAS-2 items in their entirety, instructions for administering the BAS-2 to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Abbreviated forms are offered and known translations are provided. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.