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What is the moral foundation of human rights, justice, and the rule of law? In a time of deep cultural and political division, this volume charts the rich history of one of the most enduring ideas in Western thought: that moral and legal norms are rooted in human nature and accessible to reason. Spanning ancient, medieval, early modern, and contemporary traditions-including Islamic and African-American perspectives-the volume shows how Natural Law has evolved and how it continues to shape debates in ethics, politics, and jurisprudence. With chapters on Aristotle, Aquinas, Grotius, Locke, and the American Founders, as well as modern voices like Jacques Maritain and Martin Luther King, it offers both historical depth and philosophical clarity. Essential reading for students and scholars in philosophy, law, theology, and political theory, it invites readers to rediscover a tradition that speaks urgently to the moral challenges of our time.
Aquinas argues that, abstracting from divine revelation, God's existence can be argued for successfully, and that God is the source of the existence of all that is not divine for as long as it exists. His philosophical thought about God has been seminal for later thinkers, but can be hard to grasp as it is scattered across a broad range of his writings. This book provides a comprehensive and accessible single-volume account of Aquinas's philosophy of God which also evaluates it in the light both of various criticisms that have been made of it, and of philosophical thought more generally. It situates Aquinas's thinking about God in relation to major philosophers of the past and a number of important philosophers writing today, which will enable readers to understand Aquinas's philosophy of God in the context of centuries of philosophical thought.
Like blame, praise has historically been considered one of the defining aspects of morality. Yet unlike blame, praise has received comparatively little dedicated attention in the philosophical canon. Does this emphasis on the negative tell us something about the nature of morality, or is it an accidental feature of the history of philosophy? This volume is the first collection of its kind to include state of the art discussions of the morality of praise as that topic relates to central issues in moral and political theory. Topics addressed in the volume include how the morality of praise relates to the morality of blame; how the apt praise of agents relates to their praiseworthiness; whether agents can be praiseworthy for their beliefs; how the morality of praise is affected by questions about autonomy, identity and luck, and the relationship between praise and distributive justice. The essays in this collection will be of interest to students and researchers in philosophy as well as to the general reader with an interest in questions of moral responsibility.
This volume collects ten revised and translated essays by Bruno Centrone, one of Italy's leading scholars of ancient philosophy. Together they trace a rich and coherent intellectual narrative from Plato's metaphysics, ethics, and psychology to their reinterpretation to later Pythagoreanizing writings. Centrone's studies combine meticulous philological accuracy with philosophical depth, shedding new light on Plato's conception of truth, being, virtue, and the soul, as well as on the complex processes through which later thinkers reshaped Platonic doctrines. A particular strength of the book lies in its treatment of post-Hellenistic pseudo-Pythagorean texts, for which Centrone's work remains foundational. By collecting and making these landmark studies available in English, this volume provides an essential resource for scholars, graduate students, and libraries, and a crucial bridge between Italian and anglophone traditions of scholarship on ancient philosophy.
Thucydides' book on the war between the Peloponnesians and the Athenians has generally been considered a historical chronicle. By contrast, Peter Ahrensdorf here makes the case that it is better understood as a work of philosophy, inasmuch as it seeks to understand the permanent truth about human nature. Thucydides, he argues, focuses on this particular war because of its theoretical significance. It presents a clash, not only between military powers, but between two theoretical outlooks – Periclean Athenians' progressive and humanistic understanding of the fundamental character and condition of human beings, and the Spartans' traditional and religious understanding. Ahrensdorf leads us through Thucydides' examination of the case for and against both Athens and Sparta and shows how Thucydides ultimately offers for our consideration an account of himself as an individual who -- unlike outstanding characters as such Alcibiades, the Athenian ambassadors at Sparta and Melos, Diodotus, and Pericles – ascends to a truly independent and genuinely philosophic understanding of the human condition.
Through an examination of the unfolding of Neo-Confucian politics in traditional Korea, this book explores how the Confucian monarchs and scholar-officials during the Joseon dynasty (1392–1910) struggled to navigate themselves in the complex political terrains within the normative parameters set by Neo-Confucian moral principles and ritual norms. It begins with how Neo-Confucianism emerged as a revolutionary political ideology in late Goryeo (918-1392) through the creative reappropriation of righteousness, one of the cardinal Confucian virtues, from a personal moral virtue into a public moral principle that undergirds Joseon's Confucian constitutional structure. It then shows how later Korean Neo-Confucians labored to maintain Joseon's Confucian constitutionality (or the Public Way) against all sorts of contingencies, in both domestic and interstate contexts, often altering the very nature of Joseon's statehood and Confucian identity. Special attention is given to various visions of political realism developed by the Korean Neo-Confucian political actors, who actively used 'expediency'.
Why do we judge an event to be a cause? Holger Andreas and Mario Günther offer a fresh answer: causation is epochetic dependence along an inferential path where each step genuinely depends on the cause. The dependence is called epochetic because the effect must be inferable from its cause after suspending judgment on both. This theory matches everyday judgment in virtually all scenarios, including the classic problems of overdetermination, preemption, and omissions. The authors go on to solve the problems of spurious and simultaneous causation and thereby develop a reductive theory of causation in the spirit of Hume. The book will be useful for students and researchers in philosophy, computer science, cognitive science, and law. It is a must read for anyone who wants to keep up to date with research on one of philosophy's great problems.
According to the standard Thomistic account, God can be known both by nature and revelation. The first is the terrain of metaphysics, which knows God as the cause of his created effects. The second is theology, which knows God through the words in which he has revealed himself. Often neglected, however, is a third way that Aquinas maintains God can be known. Affective knowledge, which proceeds by way of intuition, experience, and union, is fundamental to Aquinas's theological method. The central claim of this book is that, for Aquinas, the new life of grace given in baptism also entails a new affective, connatural knowledge of the things of God. This “loving knowledge,” which finds its consummation in beatific knowing, reverberates throughout Aquinas's theological epistemology, underwriting his account of the doctrine of gifts of the Holy Spirit, divine indwelling, the spiritual senses, and theological contemplation.
The contributions of Amartya Sen and Cambridge Social Ontology are two important streams in the Cambridge tradition of political economy. Despite significant commonalities, the nature and limits of their convergence remain largely unexamined. Ontology, Ethics and Economics provides the first comparative analysis of these two schools of economic thought. It argues that coherence across economic, social, and ethical theorising can only be achieved when grounded on a solid ontological foundation. While Sen's work has reintroduced crucial ethical dimensions to economics, his reluctance to address ontology systematically has generated tensions that account for the wide and often contradictory interpretations and applications of his work. Offering an explicit account of social reality and its moral implications within a distinctive philosophical framework, this book shows how ontological inquiry can restore political economy's emancipatory orientation and its capacity to offer a genuine alternative to contemporary mainstream economics.
'All past beliefs about nature have sooner or later turned out to be false. On the record, therefore, the probability that any currently proposed belief will fare better must be close to zero.' So wrote the historian and philosopher of science Thomas Kuhn. A substantial number of contemporary philosophers agree with that pessimistic induction from the history of science. If true, the implications of that inductive argument are profound, suggesting that current so-called scientific knowledge is not what it purports to be – namely, an enduring understanding of our world. The Pessimistic Induction expressed in Kuhn's remark has been extensively discussed in the philosophy of science but heretofore without a synoptic critical examination. Drawing on both the history and the philosophy of science, this book presents a detailed exploration of the Pessimistic Induction and defends an optimistic, yet not necessarily realist, view of an important class of current scientific knowledge claims.
Many of the accounts of argumentation and deliberation available in the literature paint an overly idealized picture of these processes, assuming agents with no cognitive limitations and largely cooperative settings where all participants have a similar social standing and shared goals. This book breaks away from these idealized accounts; it investigates how reason and power interact in argumentative processes by focusing on the effects upon these processes of power differentials, conflicts of interests, and the cognitive limitations of human agents. It seeks to investigate the limits of discursive rationality, thus moderating unrestricted optimism on the power of reason, while also recognizing the important role that rational arguments play in various domains (science, politics, education). Its extensive use of real-life examples ensures that the analysis remain grounded in concrete situations, and facilitates the reader's understanding of the main theoretical framework developed throughout the book.
What sets intentional actions apart from the rest has long been a central question in the philosophy of action. In this book, Markos Valaris offers a novel answer, grounded in a distinctive 'knowledge-first' conception of agential control. Rejecting decompositional accounts that analyse intentional action into separate mental and bodily components, Valaris argues that control is best understood as a capacity for knowledge of a distinctively practical kind. This framework yields a unified account of intentional action and illuminates several live debates in the field, including the ontology of actions as events, the epistemology of intentional action, and the nature of skill.
What does it mean to know, act, and be in the world? This book explores the embodied nature of human knowledge. Drawing on phenomenology and cognitive science, it shows how bodily experience shapes the self, social understanding, and practical knowledge. Philosopher and psychologist Shogo Tanaka examines motor learning, body schema, and lived experience to shed light on this subject with chapters exploring intercorporeal sociality, social cognition, narrative identity, and cultural meaning. By reflecting on the methods and limits of studying embodied knowledge, the text reveals how habits, skilled action, and even contemplative practices disclose the body as a medium of insight. This book is also available Open Access on Cambridge Core.
A disillusioned Martin Luther was losing his faith until he experienced freedom of conscience with the gospel of grace that he found from his un-authorized re-reading of the Scriptures. This experience stimulated Luther's desire to free the Christian religion from teachings that could burden the human soul. In doing so, he offered a grammar for a Christian theology that is both mystical and liberating. Kirsi Stjerna here offers a contemporary reading of Luther's vision of a religion that is guided by concerns for freedom. Her study first considers Luther's understanding of the profound tension in human experience as simultaneously broken and holy; and second, how he aimed to orient Christians to live with freedom from despair via the security found in being grounded in God. Offering a critical reading of Luther's central insights and teachings, Stjerna invites readers to engage with Luther's story and contemplate the relevance of his theology in contemporary discourse on religion.
Most philosophical work on causation is divorced from scientific practice, but in this book David Papineau develops a metaphysical theory designed to provide a principled grounding for the science of causal inference. The book first introduces non-specialists to the techniques of causal inference, and then shows how the resulting theory can account for all aspects of causation. While Papineau draws on a wide range of scientific and philosophical sources, everything is explained from first principles and will be accessible to readers from all backgrounds. The resulting theory marks a new departure in the philosophy of causation, and will be of interest not only to philosophers but also to anybody interested in the statistical techniques that are widely used throughout science to analyse causal structures.
This book argues that the key to understanding the philosophical connections between Plato and Proclus is found in Proclus' extant commentaries on the dialogues. Although none are complete, they comprise some 3000 pages of detailed exegesis and philosophical argument. Lloyd P. Gerson examines each of these commentaries and demonstrates how Proclus' constructive metaphysics is dedicated to filling in 'gaps' in Plato's own presentation of a philosophical system, gaps that Plato himself repeatedly flags in the dialogues. He shows that Proclus draws out many of the implications of what Plato says, supplies major premises in arguments that are missing, and makes crucial distinctions in terminology that are only implicit in Plato. Gerson asks whether Plato's philosophy and Proclus' philosophy stand or fall together and argues that the answer is highly relevant to understanding the nature of the dominant philosophical doctrine in the West for 2,000 years, namely, Platonism.
What sorts of beings have moral status, mattering morally for their own sake? Is tradition right to favor human beings or persons? Are progressive views right to include not only animals but insentient life? Might brain organoids or AI acquire moral status? In this book, David DeGrazia presents a thorough investigation of this topic. After introducing the concept of moral status and seven criteria for evaluating competing accounts, he examines humanism, personhood-based accounts, and progressive alternatives that focus on life, agency, and sentience. He contends that any viable account will have sentience at its core, and sketches three ethical theories that build from this core in distinct ways. He then explores implications for meat-eating, animal research, human-animal chimeras, brain organoids, and AI. His novel and philosophically penetrating exploration will be of strong interest to moral philosophers, scientists, and policymakers.
Artificial intelligence is reshaping decisions that affect people, institutions, and societies. Understanding how to design, deploy, and govern AI systems that can be trusted is now essential in many disciplines. This book offers a clear, concise introduction to trustworthy AI, treating AI not just as a technical artifact but as a socio-technical system embedded in human contexts. Developed from an internationally applicable educational framework, the book is designed for teaching and learning in computer science, data science, law, policy, business, and related fields. It equips students and professionals with the concepts and judgment needed to engage critically and responsibly with AI in practice. Combining ethics, governance, and practical insight, the book explains key concepts including transparency, fairness, accountability, human oversight, and stakeholder participation. An interdisciplinary approach makes the material accessible to both technical and non-technical audiences, with realistic scenarios and reflection questions so readers connect principles to real-world AI applications.