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The relation of mind and body is a longstanding puzzle in philosophy. This book explores how mind-body problems show up in contemporary biomedicine and psychiatry through dualistic models and metaphors that shape clinical practice. It discusses how the resultant tensions and contradictions that plague healthcare can be resolved. This begins with disentangling the knots that constitute the mind-body problem and applying ideas from systems biology, cognitive science, and anthropology to understand mind, consciousness, and agency as processes that emerge from embodied engagements with a social world. The text takes the reader on a journey across diverse clinical situations to consider: the power of multilevel systems theory; problems of knowledge, truth, and explanation in psychiatry; the mechanisms of placebo effects and hypnotic suggestion; the role of stories in constructing the self; the power and limits of imagination; and the prospects for an integrative view of the person in health and illness.
Plato's Sophist in Antiquity offers the first comprehensive account of how one of Plato's most challenging and influential dialogues was read, interpreted, and transformed throughout the ancient Mediterranean world. Spanning from the Early Academy to Late Neoplatonism, the volume unites leading scholars in a systematic investigation of the Sophist's complex afterlife. Combining historical depth with philosophical insight, it uncovers how ancient thinkers – Aristotle, the Stoics, Plutarch, Plotinus, Porphyry, Proclus, and others – engaged with the dialogue's central questions about being, non-being, truth and falsehood, identity and difference, linguistic reference, and much else. By tracing these rich trajectories of reception, the book not only fills a major gap in Platonic studies but also demonstrates the continuing vitality of the Sophist for contemporary debates in metaphysics, epistemology, and the philosophy of language.
During the first four centuries of the common era, scholars and theologians laid the ground work for Christian doctrines that have shaped the faith and practice of believers for two millenia. This was the formative period of Christianity when the major theological tenets of the faith were articulated. The writings of the earliest Christians continue to serve as a vital source of inspiration and guidance for Christians around the world. This Companion offers an overview of Christianity's foundational beliefs and practices. Providing an historiographical overview of the topic, it includes essays on the key thinkers and texts, as well as doctrines and practices that emerged during early Christian era. The volume covers the range of texts produced over four centuries and written by theologians hailing from throughout the Mediterranean world, including the Latin West, North Africa, and the Greek east. Written by an international team of scholars, this Companion serves an accessible introduction to the topic for students and scholars alike.
This volume offers a sustained examination of ancient Greek philosophical accounts of truth. Thinkers from the Sophists and Presocratics to the Hellenistic schools gave substantial attention to the nature of truth, to what kinds of things are capable of being true, and to how truth may vary with perspective, context, or standards of assessment. A distinguished cast of world-leading scholars examine these diverse positions, showing how ancient philosophers grappled with questions that remain central today: whether truth is absolute or relative, how faultless disagreement is possible, and what it is for a statement to be correct relative to different parameters of assessment. The result is a rich historical and philosophical account showing the complexity of ideas about truth in Greek antiquity.
Hope is a vital force in politics, nourishing our visions of the future when things seem irredeemably bleak. Contemporary philosophy is trapped within a view of hope as an everyday desire empty of ethical and political content. Much political theory defers to philosophy and appears unable to appreciate the value of hope as a political attitude. Through an interpretive conversation with Richard Rorty, Robert Lamb shows how Rorty uses Hegel to develop a compelling, alternative understanding of hope as the yearning for a better future amidst a contingent social world and fragile political inheritance. Commitment to political hope – an enemy of despair, optimism, and certainty – invites a reorientation of philosophical reflection and involves a demanding civic ethos to sustain communities fragmented by pathological individualism. Rorty's interpretations of John Rawls, feminism, and the redemptive potential of history show the relevance of hope for the urgent challenges facing twenty-first century liberal democracy.
This book explores how language shapes our engagement with fiction, from understanding characters to discussing stories. It delves into the unique ways we communicate about fictional worlds, showing how fiction-related talk is used in a variety of situations. Andreas Stokke explores the semantics and pragmatics of fiction-related language, focusing on how we use language to create and discuss fictional stories and characters. He argues that the linguistic tools used for fiction are the same as those for reality, yet fictional communication is distinct as it is unconstrained by real-world reference and allows for saying things without incurring factual commitments. He also shows how fictional names retain their meaning across many ways of using them. He then analyses the various ways in which we talk about fiction, including metafictional, interfictional, and counterfictional discourse.
The planetary boundaries framework – one of the most influential ideas of our age – is used to describe human–Earth relationships. It shapes global environmental policy and new economic thinking. This book takes a multidisciplinary approach to the planetary boundaries framework. It consists of 18 chapters by scholars from disciplines ranging from international law to Indigenous knowledge. Each section begins with an introduction by the editors before expanding into a critical analysis of the reach and limits of the planetary boundaries framework itself, with each of the nine boundaries the focus of two chapters. This volume comes at a critical moment, when the unprecedented challenges of the climate crisis demand new approaches, tools, and perspectives to questions of justice and sustainability. It is a valuable resource for researchers and students in environmental politics and ethics, geography, and Earth system science. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Why is abstract mathematics applicable within science? Jeffrey Ketland describes the metatheory of the application of mathematics in science and highlights the 'entanglement' of physical systems with mathematical objects and structures. Applied Mathematics inferences are regimented into 'canonical form', involving an ambient foundational base theory and the specific physical premises and conclusions. These latter are formulated using concepts called 'entanglers', which relate physical objects and systems to mathematical objects. The simplest example is the membership predicate, 'x is an element of y', and other examples are coordinate functions, quantity functions (such as mass, length, or temporal duration), and fields (on space or spacetime). Mathematical terms denoting these, as well as impure sets, relations, and structures, are called 'entanglement constants'. Ketland shows that such inferences satisfy a form of topic neutrality called Hilbert's Beermug Principle, and all such inferences can be seen to be instantiations of general mathematical theorems with such constants.
As Anglo-American legal systems face unsustainable levels of imprisonment, this book provides an ethical rationale for moving in a direction that pragmatic considerations already press us toward: reducing punitiveness. Every mainstream moral justification for criminal sanctions is subject to formidable objections, creating “moral uncertainty” about whether any single justification can adequately guide policymakers. Instead, this book defends 'The Convergence Approach' -- basing penal policy on areas of agreement between theories. This provides an ethical “safety net” so that even if one's preferred theory is flawed, another theory could still justify the policy. The book also proposes a presumption against imposing sanctions of a severity that a reasonable theory would deem excessive, and emulating less punitive Nordic systems. It discusses moral/legal principles applicable across many jurisdictions, providing accessible, up-to-date, interdisciplinary, and topical discussions of the prisons crisis, penal theories, moral psychology, crime prevention, and victims' and offenders' rights.
One skeptical challenge to the authority of reason is that the rational forms we use to conceive the world are illicitly imposed upon the world by us. In this book, Andrew Werner closely analyzes that threat to the authority of reason, suggests that many contemporary responses to the threat fail to answer it, and argues for the particular importance and value of Hegel's response. Werner develops an original account of Hegel's method and an original interpretation of his justification and construction of the categories of substance and causality, and shows how Hegel responds both to Hume's argument that we cannot give any justification for the objective validity of these categories, and to Kant's instructive but ultimately insufficient attempt to vindicate these categories. His bold study articulates and illuminates the radical systematic implications of Hegel's thought in the fields of metaphysics and epistemology.
Who has a legitimate claim to wisdom? Emily Hulme argues that Plato's response to this question was shaped by the concept of technē (art, craft, expertise, profession) and that he developed the notion of philosophy as a genuine profession in the dialogues against the rival claims of practices like sophistry The first part of the book concerns technē in general, drawing on literary, epigraphic, and art historical evidence to discuss this concept in Greek thought and culture and explaining the position of this term in Plato's epistemological vocabulary. The second part offers close readings of a handful of key dialogues: philosophy defined against sophistry in Euthydemus, Hippias Minor, Protagoras, and Gorgias; the profession of philosopher-rulers in the Republic; and philosophy versus politics in the Sophist and Statesman
Many think that there is nothing to be done now to address past wrongs. The intergenerational harm argument connects ongoing harms with past wrongs, but this argument faces problems: it relies on empirical claims connecting wrongs of the past with harms in the present, claims with which not everyone agrees, and since the wrongdoers existed in the past, it is difficult to say who owes reparations today. In this book, Susan Stark discusses cases of wrongs and injustices - focusing on genocides, the transatlantic slave trade, and social discrimination and oppression of various kinds -- and explores the complex ethical problem of how past wrongs and historic injustices can be partially repaired in the present, and of who is morally required to repair them. She argues for a new way of thinking about reparations, and shows that it is possible to make some repair in the present for wrongs done by others in the past.
The philosophical kinship between Kant and the Stoics is often noted in passing but has received relatively little sustained scholarly attention. This detailed, wide-ranging study shows Kant's engagement with Stoic philosophy to extend beyond ethics, tracing its impact on Kant's inquiry on rationality, moral psychology, human action, and the concept of nature as well. It reveals that Kant's most philosophically productive engagement with Stoic thought comes not in the more familiar ethical works of the critical decade (the Groundwork and the second Critique), but rather in his later practical works examining human development, moral progress and virtue, and cosmopolitan duty. This book distinctively highlights the pivotal role that the 1790 Critique of the Power of Judgment plays in Kant's appropriation and transformation of Stoic ideas, as well as his close dialogue with Seneca and Epictetus throughout the 1793 Religion within the Bounds of Reason Alone.
This volume explores the interrelations between emotions, embodiment, and vulnerability through a phenomenological perspective. Scholars of philosophy, psychology, and psychiatry investigate how the fragilities of embodied existence shape emotions, how these vulnerabilities become visible in psychopathological conditions, and how they figure in therapeutic contexts. A central theme is that emotions can be understood as experiences lived through and enacted – not merely endured – showing them as fundamental to human selfhood and agency. Integrating phenomenological analyses with clinical insights, the text illuminates fluid boundaries between ordinary and pathological emotional experience. Across twenty-one chapters contributed by established researchers, this book builds a framework for understanding how emotions reveal and modulate human vulnerability.
The seventeenth-century English philosopher Thomas Hobbes's Leviathan or the Matter, Forme and Power of a Commonwealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil, commonly known as Leviathan, has fascinated, alarmed, and challenged readers ever since its publication in 1651. Both a modernization of natural law theory and an early and influential contribution to social contract theory, Leviathan offers a powerful, systematic theory of the rights and duties of sovereigns and subjects, governors and citizens. This Critical Guide provides scholars, students, and anyone curious about Hobbes's political theory access to the latest research into Hobbes's views of philosophical method, human psychology, morality, law, liberty, governance, power relations, obligation, agency and responsibility, the requisites of social stability, pride, honor, theism, and organized religion. In fourteen original essays by many of today's leading Hobbes scholars, the volume provides overviews and in-depth investigations into those aspects of Hobbes's thinking in Leviathan that are of greatest interest today.
Since Wittgenstein's death in 1951, readers have advanced numerous claims about his philosophy's political significance. Some take his philosophy to have a conservative or reactionary bent; others take it to have a relativistic leaning; yet others associate it with classical liberalism, neo-liberalism, or Marxism. The Political Wittgenstein surveys this terrain in four chapter-length narratives about the development of distinct views of the political significance of Wittgenstein's thought. This Element offers a thorough introduction to the question of a Wittgensteinian approach to political thought. It simultaneously makes a case for reading Wittgenstein's philosophy as, at base, political, liberating and pressingly pertinent.
Bad lawyering has come under increasing focus though NDAs, SLAPPs, the banking crisis, and latterly the UK's Post Office Scandal, an extraordinary legal scandal spanning more than 20 years that ruined thousands of lives. This book examines the commercial, cultural, legal, and psychological drivers of ethical failure weaving them together with case studies in a compelling account of what is wrong with lawyers' ethics. Rather than concentrating on a few bad apples, it shows how deep-seated traditions, psychological frailties, the complacency and aggression of well-paid lawyers, and the pragmatism, cynicism, and hubris of organisations combines to pollute decision-making and weaken the rule of law. Be it through awful orthodoxies or legality illusions, it shows how a lawyer's naturally uncomfortable relationship with truth and justice can become improper or even criminal. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
An investigation into the metaphysics of the logical properties. Textbooks define logical truth and logical consequence in terms of models. But what are models, and why is invoking them a good way to define these properties? The answers take us through questions about the bearers of logical truth, the distinction between logical and non-logical expressions, and, ultimately, to an account of what logic is.
This element is a study on Hegel's dialectic. One motivation for turning to dialectic is the idea that in order to understand the complex and dynamic structure of reality and of our thinking itself, we need a different way of thinking from that provided by standard logic and by traditional philosophy. The aim of the book is to present Hegel's basic idea of dialectic and to explain it through an interpretation of the text, an account of its reception, and a survey of themes in the secondary literature. The main theses discussed are that Hegel's dialectic is primarily a method of thinking and that he develops a unified theory of dialectic in his various writings.
Aristotle's account of justice has inspired thinkers as diverse as Thomas Aquinas and Martha Nussbaum. Concepts such as distributive justice, equity, the common good, and the distinction between just and unjust political organizations find articulations in his writings. But although Aristotle's account of justice remains philosophically relevant, its intellectual, social, and political origins in the Mediterranean world of the fourth century BCE have often been overlooked. This book places Aristotle's account of justice in dialogue with his fourth-century intellectual colleagues such as Plato, Xenophon, and Isocrates, and allows it to be understood within the framework of fourth-century institutions as they were experienced by citizens of ancient Greek political communities. It thus provides the modern reader with the framework which Aristotle presupposed for his original work in antiquity, including the intellectual debates which formed its context.