Chapter 4 moves forward to the religious and political conflicts of the 1640s and 50s, focusing on the Royalist, Church of England poet Henry Vaughan. For Vaughan, the method and structure of evidentiary procedures at law present a crucial resource for negotiating the challenges of mid-century tumult. Having established Vaughan’s legal interests in his career and earlier writing, the chapter explains why questions of legal process became especially charged in the civil wars and Interregnum and why they presented Vaughan with a framework for discussing faith in Silex Scintillans (1650, 1655). The chapter surveys a range of attitudes adopted by Vaughan’s verse towards legal methods of proof: while they can cause activities of biblical interpretation to go awry, they can also, as exegetical processes, help to underpin an enduring faith in God’s mercy and salvation. In the end, it is the regularity of due evidentiary process that itself helps to articulate the justice and order of God’s providence.

The introductory chapter lays out the core research questions and maps out persistent gaps in knowledge, particularly when it comes to: (1) comparative work on memory and public amnesia; (2) a dynamic understanding of how war-to-peace transitions shape memory regimes differently and over time; and (3) a regional approach to memory/amnesia. In other words, are there different ‘paths to forgetting’? And do memory regimes evolve in line with the changing nature of political regimes? To this effect, three cases are chosen for an in-depth exploration: a context of victor’s peace exemplified by Rwanda; a power-sharing deal exemplified here by Burundi; and finally a non-transition/ongoing confrontation exemplified by Kenya and the War on Terror in East Africa. From a comparative perspective, the book explores three distinct cases of both violence and transition: a genocide coupled with civil war and rebel victory in Rwanda, civil war and power-sharing in Burundi, and a transnational confrontation with a non-state actor in the context in Kenya. The chapter then outlines its methodology and offers a chapter-by-chapter overview of the book.

The Court of Appeal in Higgs v Farmor’s School has provided a detailed analysis of the relationship between anti-discrimination and human rights standards in the workplace where employees manifest protected beliefs. Unfortunately, this analysis suffers from a central flaw by presuming that if manifestation of belief is protected under direct discrimination, it will always be unlawful for an employer to interfere. It is this presumption which prompted the Court of Appeal to defend the introduction of a justification test into what was previously a factual analysis of causation, by deeming less favourable treatment in response to ‘objectionable’ manifestations to have not been ‘because of’ the protected belief itself. This chapter argues that such an approach is unnecessary because it responds to a problem which does not exist. It is simply incorrect to presume that protection from direct discrimination necessarily implies that any interference with the manifestation of a protected belief is directly discriminatory. The ordinary application of the Equality Act is already coextensive with the protections afforded under the European Convention on Human Rights. Any interpretation needed under s.3 of the Human Rights Act is needed within the sphere of indirect discrimination, not direct discrimination.

Child abuse can occur in many varied and overlapping forms. Beyond physical abuse, neglect and sexual abuse constitute most reports of child maltreatment, and along with a variety of miscellaneous forms of child maltreatment, they may be accompanied by subtle and occasionally striking abnormalities on diagnostic imaging. Furthermore, some children with real or factitious signs and symptoms suggesting somatic disorders may undergo radiologic examinations that can obscure, rather than clarify, the true nature of the process. The radiologist must be familiar with both the clinical complexities as well as the unusual imaging manifestations of these assorted forms of child maltreatment and may be the first medical professional to suggest the correct diagnosis.

Nearly a century of cognition research has relied on a metaphor of the mind as a computing machine, suggesting that the problem of cognition is calculations over various impoverished and imperfect inputs that are enriched by the brain and translated into output that will be sent to the body for action. Over the past several decades, the structure of this hypothesized biological “computing machine” has become more complicated as findings have repeatedly underscored the fundamental role of the body and environment in shaping cognition. In this chapter, we argue that the brain-as-computer metaphor has outlived its utility and point to the fundamental interconnectedness of social systems as a critical weakness. Rather than seeing physical and social dynamics as ancillary information that must be extracted from the environment and enriched by individual social actors, we argue that these richly nested structures are fundamental to cognition as a coconstruction of the social actors, their interactions among one another, and the social-physical-temporal setting in which they interact. We point to evidence in human and nonhuman groups to support our claims, focusing on eusocial colonies (the most cooperative kind of collective, most canonically associated with honey bees and ants). Although all metaphors are imperfect, we propose the eusocial colony metaphor as an alternative to the computer to emphasize better the interdependence, embeddedness, emergence, and adaptability of the mind and brain.

Abusive head trauma (AHT) is a leading cause of traumatic death in infants, often resulting in severe brain injuries with lifelong consequences. It can cause cognitive, sensory and behavioral impairments, which may not fully emerge until later in childhood. AHT injuries are typically classified as primary (direct mechanical damage, such as contusions and lacerations) or secondary (indirect effects like hypoxic-ischemic injury and cerebral edema).

Infants are particularly vulnerable due to factors like poor neck control, larger head size and incomplete brain development. Neuroimaging, especially MRI and diffusion-weighted imaging, is essential for diagnosing these injuries and tracking their evolution, as some manifestations develop over days or weeks. Mechanisms of cell death, including necrosis, apoptosis and autophagy, play a key role in the progression of brain damage.

Differentiating AHT from accidental trauma is challenging. Certain patterns, such as subdural hemorrhages with ischemic injury, strongly suggest abuse. Comprehensive imaging, clinical evaluation and follow-up are crucial for documenting injury progression and understanding its impact on the developing brain.

Sperm selection is a crucial step in any assisted reproduction treatment and will facilitate optimal results if the correct protocol is chosen as per the specifics of the case.

Although standard laboratory processes like classic swim-up or density gradients are suitable in a significant number of cases, special preparation methods are required for specific situations such as elevated sperm DNA fragmentation, infectious samples to avoid viral transmissions to partner or progeny, retrograde ejaculation, high viscosity semen, immotile spermatozoa, or testicular sperm.

The objective of this chapter is to supplement the information provided in the sixth edition of the WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen by providing a clinical explanation of the various sperm preparation protocols and discussing the selection of the most appropriate technique for a given semen sample.

This chapter investigates the implications of rebel victory for the memory regime, looking at a case study of Rwanda. The chapter finds that victor’s justice extends to the realms of memory and shapes a distinct militant memocracy regime – an active shaping and policing of boundaries of memory, and the suppression of competing narratives, memory acts and memory spaces. Victor’s memory leaves a complex material imprint, defined by both intense memorialisation and multilayered erasures. The chapter also introduces the concepts of transnational rectification and memory erasure.

From the Republic through the early medieval period, the local residents and Rome’s institutional power-holders together shaped both the physical and the ideological landscape of the Subura. Defined by the sloping, narrow valleys that fed into the Forum – the functional and symbolic heart of the city – the Subura and Argiletum thrived on the movement compelled by the thoroughfares that lined these valleys and the connection to the Forum that they provided. The valley was understood and perceived in antiquity as an integral topographical unit in Rome’s natural landscape stretching from the Forum to the Campus Esquilinus outside the Porta Esquilina, and it is only by considering the valley as a whole that both the physical and the ideological development of the area can be fully understood. Similar to a landscape archaeology exploring issues of connectivity between different nodes or settlements within a broader terrain, this work has attempted to show how the development of the Subura valley and Cispian hill was very much a function of its nature as a path connecting center and periphery. Its development was directly affected by the ways in which connections with major nodes were manipulated and altered within various historical and cultural circumstances.

P. C. Mahalanobis (1893–1972) taught physics at the Presidency College from 1915 to 1948. During that period he conducted statistical analysis of anthropometric measurements and data on flood, rainfall, crop production, rural indebtedness, the handloom weaving industry, and students’ intelligence. After independence, he emerged as a key figure within the scientific– technocratic apparatus of the developmental state. During that period he played a crucial role in the formulation of the Second Five Year Plan, the construction of the Hirakud dam, and the foundation of the statistical system of India. The physicist-turned-statistician was considered an authority on the writings of Rabindranath Tagore. He was the joint secretary of Visva-Bharati for a decade. This Mahalanobis is known to us. This chapter engages with a lesser-known Mahalanobis who, in the process of coming to terms with the administrative hurdles that he faced in his professional life, strategically assembled an idea of research that bound his academic ambitions with his nationalist aspirations, teaching with innovation, science with society and institutional interests with social concerns. Its larger objective is to examine, through the figure of Mahalanobis, what it meant to do original research in the late colonial context.