We see the computer metaphor as a holdover from premodern scientific traditions hoping to anchor the mind’s computational ability in a material anatomical part. The computer metaphor has likely outgrown its usefulness despite prompting decades of valuable empirical insights. Brains are context-sensitive and capable of adapting to novelty, eschewing the locality of meaning necessary to computation. Rather than proposing a new metaphor for the mind and brain, we think that Turing’s old idea of cascading instability is a metaphor worth reconsidering. It recommends a power law-driven geometrical framework that might knit together the mind, brain, and behavior in context.

This chapter provides a comprehensive framework for pediatric and other radiologists serving as witnesses in criminal and civil child abuse cases around the world. The authors clearly and explain key concepts including understanding expert witness qualifications, participating in discovery and pretrial preparation, developing courtroom communication skills and techniques, and effectively anticipating cross-examination. The chapter critically examines the role of evidence-based medicine in the courtroom, highlighting the increasing importance of legitimate peer-reviewed research, consensus statements and statements defining ethical testimony issued by medical professional associations. It also explores contemporary problems, such as courts’ misunderstanding and misuse of unwarranted and medically unsupported alternative explanations for abusive infant and child injuries.

Overall, the chapter aims to equip radiologists with the knowledge and skills to provide accurate, effective, and ethical courtroom testimony. The authors’ overarching goal is to facilitate evidence-based legal decision-making in civil and criminal child abuse cases. The chapter contributes to the growing body of literature on medicolegal collaboration, arguing that radiologists play a crucial role in ensuring fair and accurate judicial outcomes in child abuse cases. It also advances the view that effective expert testimony not only serves individual cases but supports a better public understanding of science and medicine and enhances public health initiatives focused on child abuse prevention and education.

Nepali Dalit literature is a recent development in the literary history of the country. Nepali is one of the many modern Indo-European languages widely spoken in Nepal and in some parts in India. It is primarily written in the Nāgarī1 script. It was recognized as the national language of Nepal in 1958. Besides, it has been recognized as a major Indian literary language by the Sahitya Akademi2 in India (Hutt 1991: 5). The oldest literary specimens in Nepali are the royal edicts inscribed on stelae and copper plates, dated to the thirteenth century. Since the seventeenth century the literary canon in Nepali has been dominated by high-caste Hindu writers. The first notable Nepali poet was Suvanand Das who composed panegyric verses to praise King Prithvi Narayan Shah of Gorkha in the eighteenth century. Brahmin writer Bhanubhakta Acharya (1814–68) is widely considered as the “Father of Nepali Literature” (Hutt 1991: 5). Although high-caste Hindu writers dominate the field of literature in Nepal, many writers from different ethnic groups and marginalized castes have emerged in recent years to write about their struggles and experiences. Nepali Dalit literature is unquestionably the literary expression of Nepali Dalits. Emergence of Dalit literature in Nepal represents the act of writing back to power and caste hegemony by the Nepali Dalits.

The social structure in Nepal, much like in India, was heavily influenced by the caste system, resulting in a social hierarchy among the various groups of people. This system impacted the traditional customs and practices of the people, leading to the establishment of untouchability. Before introducing Nepali Dalit Literature, it is important first to introduce the broader sociocultural context which the Nepali Dalit literature is an integral part of.

Chapter 9 PRACTICAL REPRESENTATION AND PROCEDURAL CONTROL goes on to outline a theory of practical representation that falls out from a more general taxonomy of mental representations. I outline a hierarchy of practical representations, from nonconceptual practical representation to schematic practical representation and to practical concepts; I discuss its psychological reality and put it to use in a theory of procedural control.

Chapter 4 moves forward to the religious and political conflicts of the 1640s and 50s, focusing on the Royalist, Church of England poet Henry Vaughan. For Vaughan, the method and structure of evidentiary procedures at law present a crucial resource for negotiating the challenges of mid-century tumult. Having established Vaughan’s legal interests in his career and earlier writing, the chapter explains why questions of legal process became especially charged in the civil wars and Interregnum and why they presented Vaughan with a framework for discussing faith in Silex Scintillans (1650, 1655). The chapter surveys a range of attitudes adopted by Vaughan’s verse towards legal methods of proof: while they can cause activities of biblical interpretation to go awry, they can also, as exegetical processes, help to underpin an enduring faith in God’s mercy and salvation. In the end, it is the regularity of due evidentiary process that itself helps to articulate the justice and order of God’s providence.

The introductory chapter lays out the core research questions and maps out persistent gaps in knowledge, particularly when it comes to: (1) comparative work on memory and public amnesia; (2) a dynamic understanding of how war-to-peace transitions shape memory regimes differently and over time; and (3) a regional approach to memory/amnesia. In other words, are there different ‘paths to forgetting’? And do memory regimes evolve in line with the changing nature of political regimes? To this effect, three cases are chosen for an in-depth exploration: a context of victor’s peace exemplified by Rwanda; a power-sharing deal exemplified here by Burundi; and finally a non-transition/ongoing confrontation exemplified by Kenya and the War on Terror in East Africa. From a comparative perspective, the book explores three distinct cases of both violence and transition: a genocide coupled with civil war and rebel victory in Rwanda, civil war and power-sharing in Burundi, and a transnational confrontation with a non-state actor in the context in Kenya. The chapter then outlines its methodology and offers a chapter-by-chapter overview of the book.

The Court of Appeal in Higgs v Farmor’s School has provided a detailed analysis of the relationship between anti-discrimination and human rights standards in the workplace where employees manifest protected beliefs. Unfortunately, this analysis suffers from a central flaw by presuming that if manifestation of belief is protected under direct discrimination, it will always be unlawful for an employer to interfere. It is this presumption which prompted the Court of Appeal to defend the introduction of a justification test into what was previously a factual analysis of causation, by deeming less favourable treatment in response to ‘objectionable’ manifestations to have not been ‘because of’ the protected belief itself. This chapter argues that such an approach is unnecessary because it responds to a problem which does not exist. It is simply incorrect to presume that protection from direct discrimination necessarily implies that any interference with the manifestation of a protected belief is directly discriminatory. The ordinary application of the Equality Act is already coextensive with the protections afforded under the European Convention on Human Rights. Any interpretation needed under s.3 of the Human Rights Act is needed within the sphere of indirect discrimination, not direct discrimination.

Child abuse can occur in many varied and overlapping forms. Beyond physical abuse, neglect and sexual abuse constitute most reports of child maltreatment, and along with a variety of miscellaneous forms of child maltreatment, they may be accompanied by subtle and occasionally striking abnormalities on diagnostic imaging. Furthermore, some children with real or factitious signs and symptoms suggesting somatic disorders may undergo radiologic examinations that can obscure, rather than clarify, the true nature of the process. The radiologist must be familiar with both the clinical complexities as well as the unusual imaging manifestations of these assorted forms of child maltreatment and may be the first medical professional to suggest the correct diagnosis.