Consideration of possible alternatives to child abuse as an explanation for skeletal abnormalities during a child abuse investigation is an essential element of due diligence by all healthcare professionals involved in these cases, including and, in particular, radiologists.

Conditions which may have features resembling sequelae of child abuse include bone fragility states, conditions with metaphyseal abnormalities resembling classical metaphyseal lesions and conditions featuring subperiosteal new bone formation. Further suspicion for child abuse may be raised when there are associated extraskeletal mimics of abuse, such as skin lesions.

This chapter explores a range of genetic, nutritional and other acquired disorders which may present in this fashion.

No sooner had the House of Gorkha under the Shah kings succeeded in conquering its neighboring principalities during the end of the eighteenth century than it followed the policy of distributing the newly acquired land as salary and reward among its bhardars, that is, royal members, military officers, priests, and local landlords beyond the Gorkha. This paved the way for the rise of an influential elite class of confederates responsible for collecting taxes from peasants and also for the economic gap between landlords and peasants across the nation known as Nepal in later years. On top of that, this elite class promoted their language, known as Khas-kura, and their version of the Hindu religion mainly through promulgating the Muluki Ain in 1854. With it, the ruling class hegemonized their social and moral values among the castes and communities of diverse historical and cultural origins. This research aims to examine the way the feudal characteristics of Nepal as a nation manifest in modern plays of the 1930s. The question it aims to address is: how did “land,” “language,” and “religion” become dominant forces in the plays of the period? For this, I have chosen two plays, Mukunda Indira and Sahanshila Sushila, written by Balkrishna Sama (1903–1981) and Bhimnidhi Tiwari (1911–1973), respectively, in the last years of the 1930s, the decade that also saw the first wave of political uprising that gradually set the ground for the 1950 democratic revolution.

Rise of the Elites/Indigenous

The formation of Nepal as a new nation mainly from the 1770s under the leadership of the Gorkha king Prithvi Narayan Shah (1723–1775) paved the way for the rise of the elite class of the Khas Arya ethno-linguistic group.

Discusses the ionic and covalent bonds between atoms and the various forms of intermolecular bonding, showing how these manifest themselves in the shape of the molecules. It also introduces the nomenclature of organic compounds, and isomerism.

Hegel generally characterizes the actualization of freedom as spirit’s activity of liberating itself from nature. This liberation cannot be attained by dominating nature or by simply leaving it behind, since living nature itself presents us with a first form of freedom. Spirit’s liberation from nature rather is a liberation from a dualistic relation to nature and essentially includes a liberation of spirit in nature and as nature. This complex form of liberation is attained by producing a second nature of the right kind. This chapter offers a systematic reconstruction of how such a second nature is brought about, discussing the three essential stages of its actualization: first, the very emergence of spirit from nature in the course of Hegel’s Anthropology; second, the appearance of spirit proper in the Phenomenology; and finally, the actualization of freedom through the institutions of ethical life in his doctrine of Objective Spirit. The section on the emergence of freedom offers a new reading of Hegel’s now much-discussed account of habit. The section on the appearance of freedom develops a new understanding of self-consciousness and a new account of the master–servant dialectic. The section on the actuality of freedom provides a new account of the very form of a free ethical life.

The first inscription in Old Persian was carved into the mountainside of Bisitun, in present-day Iran, in 520–518 BCE. Less than two hundred years later, Old Persian inscriptions in the same written tradition appear to be “getting the grammar wrong” – drastically wrong. Scholars agree on the linguistic phenomena but have disagreed about how to explain them. The problem of this book is how the Persian language came to be restructured grammatically so quickly, in about five generations. The outcome was Middle Persian, which apparently was in use in an early form by the time of Alexander. This first chapter frames this problem and explains what is at stake in its resolution.

The Introduction outlines the intermedial method of this book, which brings together Milton with nineteenth-century writers and artists who engage with each other’s work at the same time as reading Milton directly. It provides an overview of Milton’s place in the visual and material culture of the long nineteenth century. This includes the literary galleries of the late eighteenth century, the development of proto-cinematic technologies and stage spectacles, illustration on canvas and the page, and interventions in books such as extra-illustration and marginalia. The Introduction also addresses the various metaphors drawn from Milton’s writing that scholars have used to explain his influence, comparing him to a ghost, a troll, a father, even God. It then proposes the epic simile as a useful model for the way Milton is understood in this book: just as Milton’s similes describing Satan suggest, a powerful figure can be like many disparate things at the same time.