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During armed conflict, non-State armed groups frequently establish their own judicial systems to resolve disputes, impose penal sanctions and implement social control. Examples such Hamas in Gaza, Rojava in Syria, or the 'People's Republics' in Eastern Ukraine demonstrate that this aspect of 'rebel governance' has become increasingly common. How can or should international law regulate the establishment of courts, conduct of trials and passing of penal sanctions by insurgent movements that challenge the judicial monopoly of states? Based on an in-depth doctrinal analysis, this study demonstrates that the administration of criminal justice by insurgents is not inherently illegal or illegitimate, and explains how to measure the conduct of armed groups against clear legal standards. Drawing on a broad range of real-world examples, this study makes a vital contribution to the law applicable in armed conflict.
This chapter emphasises the social dimension of lyric verse, exploring how communities are created between poems, and between the producers and audiences of poetry within anthologies of secular and spiritual verse printed in the second half of the Cinquecento. The chapter charts some of the key stimuli for lyric anthologies, including the commemoration of events, individuals, cities and collective social bodies or institutions such as women poets or academies. It illuminates the ways in which structural arrangements and systems of ordering in the anthologies contribute to the meaning of the poems, the canonisation of poets and publishers, and can provide a space for the discussion of poetics. Changing fashions affect the organisation of lyrics – by author, meter and topic – and the ways in which they cross-pollinate with genres such as dialogues or madrigals. Nonetheless, designing and consuming verse anthologies remains deeply rooted in notions of dialogue and exchange.
Before examining how the regulation of bioethical matters impacts the equal right to live in the world for people with impairments, Chapter 1 elaborates on key concepts relevant for the book’s later chapters: disability, eugenics, ableism, and neoliberalism. It begins with a critical discussion of the medical and social models of disability, the two dominant approaches to understanding disability in disability studies. The chapter also highlights the troubled recent history of eugenics, the concept of ableism and the persistence of ableist policies and practices, as well as the importance and shortcomings of disability rights laws in furthering disability justice and equality.
The conclusion of Invisible Fatherland reviews the book’s findings with a view to the rise of Nazism and the concept of militant democracy. Juxtaposing the republic’s constitutional patriotism with Nazi ideology, the author highlights the clash between two diametrically opposed “ways of life.” While Nazism was a violent political order that dehumanized marginalized groups, Weimar democracy embraced plural and hybrid identifications. Although the republic ultimately fell to the Nazi threat, the study argues that its constitutional patriotism remains a positive legacy of Western-style democracy. By reframing the narrative, Invisible Fatherland provides a forward-looking, “glass-half-full” perspective on one of history’s most misunderstood democratic experiments
This chapter takes up the language-learning passage from Confessions 1.8.13, which Wittgenstein quoted at the beginning of his Philosophical Investigations. “Where Wittgenstein notices an impossible kind of foreignness in Augustine’s confessional account of first language-learning,” it observes, “Augustine negotiates the mystery of the soul’s alienation from God.” Here is another kind of foreignness, and that chapter aims at inducing a kind of perplexity in our consideration of Augustine’s superficially straightforward account of language-learning. Drawing on Augustine’s dialogue On the Teacher, it invites us to puzzle over Augustine’s insistence that language is for teaching – apparently to the exclusion of learning – only to find him concluding that no human being is ever a teacher. The only teacher is the Inner Teacher, the Word, who teaches not by signs but by the realities themselves, with an intimacy and interiority that the infant Augustine longed for but never captured. The Word’s teaching overcomes both the foreignness and the alienation with which Augustine began, though this resolution poses the temptation “to render the whole of the earth, indeed even creation itself, into a place of unlikeness.”
This chapter examines early decisions made by the Trump Administration that could have an impact on the financing of terrorism. The chapter also ties together the previous chapters – specifically looking at overlaps, regulatory, technological, or other in the area of terrorist financing and the countering of it.
For the young Clara Wieck, Berlin lay in a foreign country: Prussia. Musical life there was not considered to be at a high level in the 1830s, but it was where Clara’s biological mother lived. Vienna, however, was a centre of musical life, even after the death of composers such as Mozart and Beethoven. A half-year stay there for concerts in winter 1837/38 proved very successful for young Clara. On 15 March 1838 she was appointed Royal and Imperial Chamber Virtuosa – a title that became the basis of her international career for more than the following half century.
A fictional covenant is established to inquire into humanity. Benjamin Franklin’s writings help define the tasks of the covenant. The fragmentation of the German nation is lamented. Frederick the Great’s correspondence with Voltaire is cited at length to provide insight into the problems facing a monarch confronted with German disunity, war, and the ideal of Humanity. The personal and political failures of Emperor Joseph II are the subject of discussion, introduce by Friedrich Gottlob Klopstock’s ode to Joseph. Contemporary German poetry is described in prophetic terms, but it fails to address contemporary political issues. The chapter closes with Friedrich Leopold Graf zu Stolberg’s Ode to the Crown Prince of Denmark.
The chapter appraises David Lewis’s seminal work on truth in fiction. This will allow us to make an important distinction between three uses of fictive discourse, including the one that Lewis’s work focuses on: discourse characterizing the content of fictions. The chapter examines variations of standard criticisms of Lewis’s account, aiming to show that, if developed as Lewis suggests in his 1983 “Postscript A,” his proposals on the topic are – as Hanley puts it – as good as it gets. Thus elaborated, Lewis’s account can resist these objections, and it offers a better picture of fictional discourse than recent resurrections of other classic works of the 1970s by Kripke, van Inwagen, and Searle. The turn that Lewis suggests, and which the chapter recommends, draws on the remaining outstanding contribution from that time, that of Walton, which is to be examined in Chapter 3.
According to Kant, it is possible to differentiate between legitimate and illegitimate laws by means of a certain formal procedure. His criterion for the legitimacy of a draft law is whether or not it corresponds to the ‘General Will’ of a people. The test question Kant has in mind is this: could a people give its consent to a proposed particular law? This chapter discusses the question of how this ‘General Will Test’ (GWT) is related to the Categorical Imperative (CI). As it will turn out, normatively valid laws are justified, in Kant’s view, by the fact that their content is established in a significantly non-ideal way, by a quasi-CI, namely the GWT. Thus, an intermediary position between the two mutually exclusive standard interpretations of Kant’s political philosophy is defended: the ‘derivation reading’ and the ‘separation reading’.