The Epilogue explores the transformative impact of cartographic exchanges between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries. The book adopted a "diving bell" approach to uncover the deep connections between Chinese and Western cartographic traditions, arguing that translation played a crucial role in shaping world geography. These exchanges led to hybrid maps and a global Renaissance, illustrating that knowledge was shared reciprocally. The chapter underscores the diverse motivations behind map translations, from territorial disputes to identity construction, and how these interactions influenced the perception of China and the West. Ultimately, the book reveals how these exchanges contributed to the modern world map and the global perspective we share today.

The last few decades have seen the publication of a vast trove of primary documents concerning the Schumanns, including diaries, letters, and official documents. Biographers today have access to far more information about the couple than either of their earliest biographers, Wilhelm Joseph von Wasielewski and Berthold Litzmann, each of whom was constrained in various ways by the limited material available to them and by their biases. Yet because of their associations with the Schumann family, Wasielewski and Litzmann are treated as primary sources and their biographies are regarded as authoritative. While both accounts can be useful to modern-day biographers, they should be read critically, and their assumptions and conclusions should be interrogated.

This chapter considers neuroscience translations and attempts to apply our knowledge of the nervous system in practical approaches. I start by discussing the traditional areas of translation, neurology and psychiatry, and the extent to which a focus on neurobiological aspects can help in addressing these conditions. I then turn to more recent claims that neuroscience can inform educational practice, including claims of pharmacological cognitive enhancement, and neurocriminology claims that we will be able to predict and prevent criminal behaviour by identifying the neural mechanisms involved. The discussion covers brain imaging and heritability approaches that try to identify biological bases that can be targeted in translations and interventions, highlighting the caveats associated with these approaches and the claims made from them.

This section describes the various components of the case, including keywords, pre-reading reflection, the case itself, discussion questions, research topics, and reading resources.

Saciid, a seventy-one-year-old Somali man, collapsed at home. His family began CPR, and he was admitted to our ICU where he was intubated and sedated. He underwent surgical embolization for a large liver hematoma. His GI bleeding continued; he had a large open wound and was septic. Intubated and extubated several times, his family was told there were no restorative options. However, he rallied such that he was extubated and discharged to a skilled nursing facility. A month later he was readmitted with pulmonary complications, sepsis, and a nonhealing wound. Family was told he would not survive, but they pressed for all possible medical treatments. Distrustful of our medical prognoses, they micromanaged his care, disregarding his grave condition. Systemic inconsistencies, including rotating doctors and nurses, terminology differences, and communication challenges between different services created confusion. Told more than once he would not survive the night, his family found him alive the next morning. As long as they could pray with him, it was worthwhile to do everything to prolong his life. Ethics was consulted for multiple issues including the family’s frustration with communication, their expectation of aggressive treatment, and Saciid’s caregivers’ distress with providing care they considered harmful and futile.

A million years is an extremely vast amount of time: The time spanning the oldest evidence of our genus, found in the modern northern Ethiopian badlands, presumably documenting its first steps at around 2.8 Ma (Villmoare et al., 2015), to the earliest presence of humans in Europe, currently dated to about 1.5 Ma (Parés et al., 2006; Lozano-Fernández et al., 2015). The oldest uncontroversial archaeological record, dated to 2.6 Ma in Ethiopia (Semaw et al., 1997), which preserves a small (but evolutionarily extraordinary) package of behavioral features comprising the earliest evidence of stone tool use, of animal carcass processing, and meat-eating and, potentially, the earliest traces of central-place foraging by a primate, contains also the oldest evidence of the socio-reproductive behavior of our earliest human ancestors. All of it was labeled for its technological innovation: the Oldowan; the sometimes curated, sometimes expedient transformation of cobbles into flakes and other flaked artifacts, transported and used across substantial parts of the ecosystems to which those hominins adapted.

A key challenge for the party since 1949 has been to forge a new Chinese nation within the boundaries of a vast, ethnically heterogeneous former empire. The party has experimented with a variety of policies and mechanisms for securing the loyalty and obedience of non-Han groups, shifting between accommodative and assimilative approaches depending on the broader political climate at any given time. Frustrated by continued ethnic unrest, which the party sees as a threat to social stability and its political legitimacy, the party has, in recent years, sought to fortify the unity of the nationalities via increasingly coercive administrative and technological measures. This chapter examines the coercive measures implemented by the CPC to guide and control China’s minority nationalities. These include controls over religion, language, traditional practices, minority nationality regions, and minority nationalities who ventured to other parts of China. The controls are designed to prevent ethnic protest and to forge a common Chinese ethnic identity that subsumes all other ethnic identities and which is united by loyalty to the party-state.

This chapter examines Augustine’s relationship to earlier biblical exegesis. It emphasizes three distinctive preoccupations of Augustine’s exegesis: “the constraints of language, the limits of the human mind’s capacity to know God or the author’s intention, and the habits of the flesh to follow the desires of its senses.” After elucidating Augustine’s approach to these issues – which in itself sets him somewhat apart from his predecessors and contemporaries – the chapter presents two informative case studies. The first concerns Genesis, the topic of Confessions 11–13. Augustine’s exegesis of Genesis is informed from the beginning by his determination to reject the Manichaean dismissal of that book as silly and anthropomorphic, but his engagement with Genesis matures over time: his earliest discussions are far more indebted to Ambrose than his later, more distinctive, exegesis. The second case study concerns the Song of Songs. Here Augustine insists upon the goodness, beauty, and order of the material world, redeeming the five senses as intimations of the divine.

The employer provided everything – wages, housing, post office, parks, canteens. Such a model of the “company town,” where a single corporation dominates in multiple capacities as employer, landlord, service provider, and quasi-regulator over a dwelling area, has endured across borders and time. The term can portray textile mills in eighteenth-century England or coal and steel towns in early twentieth-century America just as fittingly as it does today’s network of “supply chain cities” that span East and Southeast Asia and beyond. This chapter studies Inter-Asia’s supply chain cities – in particular, manufacturing sites in East and Southeast Asia. More than physical spaces, these sites represent a form of legal entrepôt, created by law and capable of shaping laws and norms through diverse pathways, including regulatory fragmentation and coordinated advocacy. In comparison with another gilded-age moment of industrial development – early twentieth-century United States – these modern company towns exemplify the uniqueness of Inter-Asia’s corporate forms, exercise of power, and regional integration.

This chapter examines Darwin’s taxonomy of emotions. I show that nineteenth-century associationists were divided on whether emotion categories exist in nature or are conventional. Herbert Spencer argues that emotion categories exist in nature, anticipating modern basic emotions theory. Thomas Brown argues that emotion categories are conventional, anticipating modern psychological constructionism. I show that Darwin sides with Brown and regards emotion categories as conventional. This finding is surprising, since Darwin is often viewed as a precursor to modern basic emotions theory, which adopts the opposite view.

To carry out its action, the Israeli state must ensure the support of its Western allies and contain criticism from its adversaries or new partners in the Arab world, whose public opinion is highly critical of Israel. To achieve these political objectives, Tel Aviv implemented an unprecedented communication strategy to disseminate its narratives and content to the widest possible audience.