Chapter 8 explores two questions: Is there a far right in Colombia? To what extent are far-right ideas present in Colombian politics today, and what are their prospects going forward? Given the internal conflict, a militaristic and anti-guerrilla right has been historically strong and dominant, but it is different from the contemporary Latin American far right. Colombia lacks an organized far-right party, though this should not be taken to mean that far-right ideas are irrelevant to understanding political dynamics. The chapter evaluates the reach of contemporary far-right ideas among key figures in the Colombian political elite, relying on speeches, interviews, social media posts, and legislative output. It focuses on Álvaro Uribe and Rodolfo Hernández, arguing that neither should be understood as an exponent of the contemporary far right, though some far-right ideas can be identified in their discourse at different points, with varying degrees of coherence. The seeds of the contemporary far right are found elsewhere – in subnational politicians, emerging outsiders, and figures within existing parties, most strongly in Senator María Fernanda Cabal. The chapter explores the evolution of Cabal’s public discourse, identifying an inflection point in 2020, when she began emphasizing moral conservatism and became more involved in international far-right networks.

This chapter presents a series of six investor–community case studies in the Asia Pacific region during the pre-2013 period, during which pre-project community engagement and accountability on the part of infrastructure investment banks were relatively less stringent, in order to understand the impact of relatively relaxed community engagement standards on subsequent grievance claims. This set of six cases will be compared with a set of six cases presented in Chapter 6 after heightened diligence standards were introduced after 2013. The cases reviewed in this chapter were either sole financed projects by the World Bank/International Finance Corporation or collaborative projects with the Asian Development Bank and European Investment Bank in the Asia Pacific region. The sectors include investment in transport, the extractive industry and special economic zone development. The key finding of this chapter is that during this pre-2013 discretionary community consultation phase, most cases resulted in either full or partial project cancellation, delay, suspension, compensation for harms or transfer to local courts for resolution. A small portion were dismissed due to insufficient information. In total, of the six cases examined, four were cancelled or stalled, one proceeded to court litigation and one was closed. The cases highlight the risks of insufficient attention to community consultation.

This chapter explores time, death, and memory, analyzing material cultures of death in relation to deceased bodies, their material and visual representation, in historical contexts. It discusses anthropological perspectives on memory and time as articulated through material object domains, examining related issues of: temporal stasis (e.g., memorial effigies); process (e.g., transi tombs); temporal dimensions of memento mori; the interplay of preservation and decomposition in memory objects; aspects of fragmentation and display; and the imagery of darkness, light, and instruments used in the measurement of time. Each of these – significant in Western material cultures of death and memory – is examined in terms of how it materializes or visualizes bodies in transformation. Even when deceased bodies are represented as static, they tend to be animated through their relation to death, figured or evoked as moving presence. Bodies after death exist in time, perhaps most forcefully represented as decaying, disintegrating, or disappearing. Tracing aspects of death’s temporalities, as conveyed in memory objects and images, this chapter shows how varied and changing effects of time are registered by bodies rendered in paper, ivory, wood, wax, and other materials for memorial purposes and as means to reflect on acts of remembering.

This chapter examines the tale of Atlantis, the second story the merchants tell Heinrich, which makes up the whole of Chapter 3. It uncovers the symbolism of the tale as an early presentation of the idea that poetry has a unifying power that can bring about wholeness in the world. The central characters of the tale, the young forest-dweller, his father, the Princess of Atlantis, and her father, the King of Atlantis, all prefigure characters that will re-emerge later in the novel. The tale ends with a scene of recollection that embodies the idea of a new Golden Age central to Novalis’s work.

This chapter provides an overview of the aims and structure of the book, which explores the emergent development and challenges in implementing community–investor consultation, dispute prevention and facilitation mechanisms amongst multilateral and national development banks operating in the Asia Pacific region. In the several decades since the development of the first multilateral community–investor dispute resolution and accountability mechanisms, much has been learned about public facilitation, community engagement and dispute prevention during the early stages of major infrastructure development programmes. Drawing on a qualitative triangulating approach that compares public facilitation policy design with case-based practice, the remaining chapters of the book will examine community–investor dispute resolution policy design, supplemented by case studies, surveys and interviews of select private non-state actors in the Asia Pacific region to address the question of whether, and if so how, multi-stakeholder community–investor public facilitation methods contribute to the prevention and early resolution of infrastructure disputes and advance sustainable development objectives.

In this chapter, the Christological and soteriological ideas that have tacitly informed the theodicy are made explicit, and it is argued that the theodicy strengthens the coherence of the Christian web of beliefs. It is also argued that the analysis of love that the theodicy builds on enables a deeper understanding of Christ’s atoning and sanctifying work.

Building on the findings of Chapter 5 of Persistent Citizens, this chapter shifts focus to the origins of the three "2ei" attitudes (i.e., entitlement, indignation, and self-efficacy). The authors explore various factors that might explain why some individuals feel more entitled, indignant, and efficacious than others. Their analysis finds that domain-specific knowledge – knowledge of social rights – is a particularly strong predictor of these attitudes. The chapter provides evidence that knowledge of social rights is a more significant factor than socioeconomic status, prior experiences with the state, or general civic engagement. Path models show how knowledge of social rights plausibly affects 2ei, driving state-centric persistence.

This chapter begins by discussing the quasi-fictional medieval poet known as Afterdingen or Ofterdingen, who inspired the novel’s title, and the early thirteenth-century historical context. It distinguishes the novel’s genre from the traditional romance and coming-of-age novel or Bildungsroman. Lastly, the chapter clarifies the novel’s two parts (“The Expectation” of Part I and the “The Fulfillment” of Part II) in terms of a principle of typology common to Biblical criticism. For Novalis, typology is a method of foreshadowing: later characters and events in the story reveal, as postfigurations, what earlier characters and events conceal, as prefigurations.

This chapter introduces the foundational concepts of epidemiology as the scientific study of health and disease patterns in populations. It outlines the distinction between descriptive and analytical approaches, establishing the importance of both for understanding public health. Key measures such as prevalence and incidence are defined and contrasted, highlighting how they provide different perspectives on the burden of disease. Mortality indicators, including crude death rate, cause-specific death rate, age-specific death rate, and standardized mortality ratio, are discussed with emphasis on their application and limitations. The chapter stresses the central role of epidemiology in identifying risk factors, informing prevention strategies, and guiding resource allocation. Using analogies and examples, it illustrates how associations between exposures and outcomes can be identified, while also noting the importance of not conflating correlation with causation. The scope of epidemiological enquiry is presented as both scientific and practical, with applications extending from clinical decision-making to national health planning. By providing readers with a conceptual toolkit of terms and principles, this chapter establishes the groundwork for more detailed exploration of study designs, statistical methods, and research applications that follow in subsequent chapters. This chapter maps to syllabus section 3.1, which requires understanding of epidemiological principles, mortality and morbidity measures, validity, and bias.