In 1964, a special meeting of the World Council of Churches was convened at Tubingen in Germany to discuss the role of the medical mission in the postcolonial era. Lesslie Newbigin, a former bishop of the Church of South India, recalled how medical missionaries working in remote villages had once been at the forefront of the evangelical battle against 'the forces of evil'. In his contribution to the debate, Erling Kayser, a Norwegian who had served as a medical missionary in Indonesia, pointed out what he saw as an even deeper problem. Newbigin took it as a given that modern biomedicine was superior to indigenous systems that were associated with paganism. In many respects, biomedical treatment has vindicated the approach that had been favoured by Dr Daniel Christian, namely that of providing small-scale local biomedical facilities run by Bhils for Bhils as a community service.

Chapter 6 examines party policy and rhetoric on social, sexual and moral issues between 1997 and 2010. It focuses on the Conservative approach to gay rights (notably the disputes over Section 28 and adoption rights for gay couples), and family policy (particularly with regard to attitudes towards marriage). The Conservatives were forced to consider their positions on these issues in response to the New Labour government’s moves to equalise the age of consent, abolish Section 28, introduce civil partnerships, scrap the married couples tax allowance and introduce a system of tax credits not dependent on marriage. These debates are linked to the wider question of party modernisation, and the division between modernisers and traditionalists. The chapter suggests that the most significant division in the Conservative Party in this period was along the social, sexual, and moral policy divide, and that this posed a significant challenge to David Cameron.

This chapter compares the aesthetics of cinema and the theatre. Cinema is a new and cheaper competitor to the theatre. It also could eventually come to replace theatre as a result of the technology employed in cinema and a better performance of the actors, as opposed to the theatre, which is dependent upon the inconsistency of accessible performers, and performance. The chapter, however, presents an argument concerning the absence of the ‘present’ being-here of the actors and states that they merely have movements but no ‘souls’.

In the course of the public inquiry into the murder of Stephen Lawrence, three terms come to the fore of British politics in a renewed and controversial way: institution, racism, unconscious. It is a stark and painful claim, one of several in which Doreen Lawrence draws together the fact of violent racism and the failure to protect, to value the life of , black men, women and children in contemporary British culture. First published in 1952, Frantz Fanon's Peau noire remains one of the most persuasive and controversial attempts to think the unconscious in relation to the institution of racist violence. The pressure of the sexual stereotype marks the work of that violence in Peau noire, driving Fanon towards an interpretation of phobia that veers between insight and cliché, suspending the concept of Negrophobia between different representations of anxiety in psychoanalysis.

This chapter looks at the ways in which Indians came to define themselves as Indian South Africans in Durban in the 1940s. It traces how a displaced and divided community came to re-configure its identity and its struggle for a reasserted social-political space under segregation and apartheid. In the 1940s, the vast majority of Indians in Durban lived in relative poverty. 'Colonial-born' South African Indians emerged as a powerful and influential force within the community by the 1940s, and they wanted in particular to mobilise workers as part of their political stance against repressive state policies. For Durban's Indian traders and merchants the question of land tenure was the most pressing issue of the 1940s. The Trading and Occupation of Land Restriction Act of 1943, or the 'ghetto Act', as it came to be known, was an extension of the Transvaal Pegging Act of 1939.

Key events and processes of World War One and the post-war years shaped the development and character of the Right's anti-socialism and the attempt successfully to portray Labour as disloyal and extreme. In Australia serious conflicts took place between the authorities and returned soldiers and sailors during the huge peace celebrations in 1919. The politics of loyalism in Australia at this time were both highly symbolic and fiercely contested in character. The Labour Party in Britain emerged from the war far more united, expectant and confident of the future than it's fundamentally split and beleaguered counterpart in Australia. Despite electoral successes in 1929, neither the British Labour Party (BLP) nor the Australian Labour Party (ALP) was able to withstand the whirlwind of the Depression. Conservative political hegemony was particularly marked in Britain. In Australia the Nationalists' ability to retain federal office from 1931 onwards was also impressive.

This chapter explains that the southern metaphor, the image of England, was, at least in children's books, an essential part of Green's 'energising myth'. It focuses on the fiction for the young over many decades a powerful and multi-faceted presentation of Englishness, as a moral and ethical baseline, and therefore a starting point for the justification of the Empire. For the imperialist writer, the extension of this Englishness overseas is a cogent reason for colonial expansion. The chapter also focuses on Victorian and Edwardian fiction, while readers enjoy exotic adventure stories set in distant corners of the Empire. The creation of English images includes both the land and the people, and both are placed within an historical context. If the conquests of England by various imperialist powers were impossible to explain satisfactorily to the young in a few simple sentences, they were nevertheless potential vehicles for the lessons of imperialism.

The life of a museum depends essentially on the curator. Thus wrote Ailsa Nicol Smith at the time of her resignation as curator of the Zanzibar Museum in 1942 in an advisory memorandum for the Protectorate government. Tracing Nicol Smith's tenure in Zanzibar sheds light upon the status of colonial museums, the challenges to maintain them and the wider perception of museums within society. This chapter focuses principally upon these two strands, the nature of curatorship in a colonial museum and the particular challenges for a female officer holding this post. The career of Nicol Smith in Zanzibar reveals the substantial challenges of curating a colonial museum. Whilst dealing with extensive professional duties, she was continually forced to justify her role and that of the Museum. During her tenure, Nicol Smith enthusiastically supported attempts to bring together curators of the East African museums.

This chapter presents Umberto Barbaro's article ‘Lukács: the film and technique’. It is a commentary on the published correspondence between Georg Lukács and István Mészáros in which they discussed the aesthetic problems of the cinema. The chapter also presents Lukács' response to the article in which he clarified fundamental issues relating to technique and art.

Tipu's Tiger, the artefact responsible for making such an impression, was taken at the siege of Srirangapatam (Seringapatam) in 1799. A battle that ended the Mysore Wars between the British, Haidar Ali and his son, Tipu Sultan. Tipu's Tiger has fascinated the public ever since, drawing generations of visitors to London's museums. The British victory in Mysore consolidated British claims to South Asian territory and, despite resistance lasting into the later nineteenth century, laid the foundations for the incorporation of India into the British Empire. By the later nineteenth century, Tipu's defeat had become a staple of children's and adult fiction alike, periodical literature and history textbooks. For example, in 1894, nearly a century after Tipu's death, the Illustrated London News published a series depicting 'Battles of the British Army'. In Britain, tigers exemplified the deplorable nature of the beast.

Adoption of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD/the Convention) was a significant forward step in the extension of the rule of law. The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD/the Committee) was the first human rights treaty monitoring body. This chapter argues that the treaty body system can best be understood as part of the history of the extension of the rule of law. The treaty body system depends ultimately upon public understanding of human rights and upon support for politicians willing to run risks in opposing nationalist attacks upon international norms. The treaty body system is a creation of States, made possible by the commitment of individual politicians and officials who at times may press other States to observe standards their own States cannot always satisfy.