This chapter opens with the first meetings of British Association of Sport and Exercise Medicine (BASEM), a society dedicated to the collation and provision of specialist sports medicine advice. The key issue for the chapter is boundary-setting. Firstly, sports medicine was being institutionalised in small professional organisations, which carefully policed their own boundaries. Secondly, boundaries were being drawn around the athletic body. One outstanding feature of international sports medicine at the mid-century is the introduction of gender and drug testing. A 'Medical Centre' was built in the Olympic Village, as the Medical Committee decided to 'provide treatment for minor or short-term ailments. The chapter closes in 1970 with the Sports Council initiating a study into the feasibility of using taxpayers' money to fund sports injuries clinics for the general public. The Mexican Research Project was co-sponsored by one of the newest bodies involved in sports medicine, the Sports Council.

The influence of boredom upon history should never be underestimated. The Albany Museum in Grahamstown was partly conceived in boredom but developed in personal enthusiasms. Both those of Cape Town and Grahamstown began to flourish once the colonial revenues had been placed on a sounder footing through the 'mineral revolution' and resulting trade. Curiously in Grahamstown, the museum flourished at a time of considerable ecological crisis, when the town's economy was not doing well and drought and recession were endemic. Museums were more important in their social and intellectual effects. As Walter Hely-Hutchinson put it at the opening of the Albany Museum, the museum's objective was 'the promotion of culture and knowledge'. Selmar Schonland developed a large number of overseas contacts, founded The Records of the Albany Museum, and published extensively both in this journal, in the Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society, and in the Agricultural Journal.

As with all international treaties, the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) reflects the historic context of the time of its adoption. Periodic reports of States parties and Concluding Observations of the Committee reveal undoubtedly an important and continuous evolution in the application of ICERD. The issue of adopting new standards and amending the Convention has been considered by a UN working group, without a tangible result. The evolution in the world since the adoption of ICERD shows that discrimination on grounds of race, colour, descent, national or ethnic origin, continues to take place, albeit in different forms from what was perceived initially but not to the same extent. Racism is no longer institutionalised, nor an official policy in some States, but nevertheless it is still a reality and takes new forms and nuances, concerning in some States' important segments of the population.

The stirring tale of determined, organised struggle against nature so as to pioneer an African airway was brought to public attention again in January 1931. The first successful 1920 trans-Africa flight was never envisaged as the launch of regular air service. The first despatch of mails down the contested African airway was in December 1931 aboard an aircraft delivery flight. The purpose, S. J. G. Hoare told the House of Commons, was to flaunt British technology and study air routes with a view to future commercial services. Appeasement focused on Oswald Pirow, air-minded Germanophile Cabinet minister who used air transport to challenge British paramountcy in the subcontinent. Pirow steadily and skilfully manipulated South African Airways into an increasingly powerful position as the prime regional airline. The principal historian of British African aviation contends that Imperial probably would not have made quick progress in the continent without the competitive spur.

Alan Cobham had no difficulty raising the extra money from the aeronautical industry that grasped the propaganda value of a flight by the Director of Civil Aviation. Within nine months of his Asian tour with Sefton Brancker, Cobham set out on his first African flight. Cobham's return to Britain from Australia on the first day of October 1926 was scripted perfectly. In April 1927, the same month that the Royal Air Force (RAF) flew Brancker from Egypt to Tanganyika and back to drum up support for an East African air service, Cobham was making plans to fly round the world. Cobham denied his bravery and argued that, on the contrary, his flights had been made to stress the safety of civil aviation. Individual pilots attracted attention to themselves, but in Cobham's view, it was a displaced affection.

The censorship and propaganda activities of the India Office mirrored the general propaganda offensive necessitated by war. Edwin Montagu interest in India found unexpected fulfilment, however, when, following the resignation in July 1917 of Chamberlain, Lloyd George felt compelled to offer him the India Office. Applying his Liberal perspective to the question of Indian administration, Montagu favoured constitutional reform, the development of self-governing institutions and the appeasement of moderate Indians. Montagu's 'new angle of vision' was characterised by a fresh approach to the presentation of constitutional proposals and the need to promote positive images of official actions. The appointment of an India Office Information Officer in May 1921 represented an important step in the institutionalisation of news management. The distinctive feature of Montagu's secretaryship was to bring to the India Office new attitudes towards government publicity and image creation.

This chapter shows the Commission as balancing and integrating an autonomous civil service staffed mainly by permanent officials, although supplemented by temporary short-term contracted personnel from the member states. It explores the macro-level of the Commission, that is, the core functions and roles that the Commission performs as well as the wider institutional environment within which the Commission is embedded. The chapter introduces the meso-level of the Commission, that is, the formal organisation of the Commission services with respect to both horizontal and vertical specialisation. The Commission is pictured as balancing several organisational principles, notably the principles of purpose and process. The chapter also introduces the micro-level of the Commission, the Commission personnel and focuses on the distinction between permanent and temporary Commission officials. The Commission occupies a pivotal role as the key executive institution of the European Union (EU).

This chapter looks at the development of ballet in the second half of the nineteenth century and the way in which at outer London music halls it became increasingly topical in its subject matter during the period 1870-1884. Many of the references related to the changing political conditions of the day, but the references to situations served more to reassure the audiences than to criticise policy makers. There was always an element of fantasy and escapism about the productions but they also introduced audiences to places of which they may have had little knowledge. London’s dance history, away from the opera houses and the two Leicester Square theatres, is very poorly documented. Ballet in the nineteenth century takes many guises and many dance historians dismiss the post-Romantic period in British theatre as it focused on popular entertainment. Because the available information is so patchy the picture becomes distorted. This chapter starts to investigate just what was music hall ballet and why did it appeal so strongly to its audience.

This chapter examines the nature of some popular fictional literature with the intention of understanding more about reading experience. It provides the set of surviving stories centred on one of the knights of King Arthur's round table: Gawain. The chapter describes the Gawain stories and assesses some general points concerning the various versions, their similarities and differences. It considers the matter of their popularity, and some important issues about the relationships between a popular story and its form, with specific reference to ideas of orality and literacy. The chapter presents a manuscript case study which addresses specific issues of how the evidence for reading practice and experience may be elucidated for one version of the story. The manuscript case study is based on The Carle of Carlisle which is found in a Middle English miscellany housed in the National Library of Wales.

The entire career of Charles Gaines has been dedicated to resisting or attempting to circumvent subjectivity. The political referent emerged in his work not as a means to represent himself or his political persuasion, but as a way to examine the relation of the poetic syntax of visual language to subject matter. Conceived as an anti-subjective and therefore an anti-idenitiarian mechanism, in many ways, Conceptual Art came to epitomise a Left-leaning outlook within the history of art, despite the many challenges to its claims. Aiming to intervene into the structure of art's meaning, Conceptual artists attempted to undo foundational categories of what constitutes artmaking. For Leslie Dick, meaning is not inherent to the structure, but rather a function of interpretation that we should endlessly perform, as she put it, "in a state of passionate detachment".